Minimum temperature for eggplant seedlings. How to grow greenhouse eggplants

Eggplant is grown in approximately the same conditions as tomatoes or peppers. It also requires fertile soil, and therefore organic and mineral fertilizers are added to the soil when digging. But in cases where the soil is already fertile, then after harvesting from the previous crop, we bring humus and mineral fertilizers here.

This crop is best grown in light soils. In cases with heavy, compact bushes are formed, which in some cases is undesirable.

Eggplants have a strong root system, and this, in turn, can cause overdevelopment of the stems. To prevent this from happening, fertilization should be with an emphasis on potassium.

With a weak development of the stems for a certain time in fertilizers, we increase the proportion of nitrogen by 2 times. The acidity of the soil should be approximately 6.5-7.2. When growing them, it should also be noted that they may also suffer from a lack of magnesium, and therefore required condition- its presence in the main gas station.

Growing conditions for eggplant seedlings

Soil mix

For sowing, you can use a soil mixture from turf and humus (1: 2) or from turf, peat and sand (4: 5: 1), adding 40 g of potassium salt, 40 g of superphosphate to any of these mixtures for 10 kg and 12 g of ammonium sulfate.

Sowing seeds

When preparing seeds for sowing, it is necessary to disinfect in a 1% solution of potassium permanganate (within 15 minutes). As a rule, this is done in cases where they were procured independently, and for purchased ones it is usually not required. Then we wrap the seeds in damp gauze and germinate them for several days. They can be planted when 10 percent or more of the seeds have hatched.

A transplant with this culture is painful, that is, it suffers at the same time root system, in this connection, in order not to dive them in the future, it is recommended to sow directly into peat pots.

But in cases where you do not have such an opportunity, then when diving, try to inflict as little damage to the root system as possible. Under favorable conditions, the emergence of seedlings should be expected in 10-15 days.

When using the method without picking, seedlings must be grown within 40-45 days, and with picking - 50-60 days.

It is necessary to plant 2-3 seeds in each pot in order to leave the strongest from the seedlings in the future.

Watering seedlings

An important element in growing eggplant seedlings is correct watering... With a lack of moisture, premature lignification of the stem and a significant decrease in the amount of the future crop can occur. And waterlogged soil can cause various diseases seedlings.

The seedlings are watered approximately according to the following scheme: until the first true leaf appears, we carry out 1-2 waterings (about 7 liters per 1 square meter) and then 2-3 waterings (14-15 liters per 1 square meter). The soil itself must be constantly moist.

The optimum temperature for good germination of seeds is + 22 ... + 26 ° C, and with the emergence of sprouts, it decreases to + 13 ... + 16 ° C, as this will contribute to the development of stronger sprouts and, which is very important, they will not be elongated.

After 5-6 days, the temperature can be increased again to + 20 ... + 25 ° C. And at a given temperature, we grow them before planting in open ground. But in cases where the seedlings begin to stretch strongly, the temperature will need to be slightly reduced again.

Before planting in open ground, the seedlings must also be hardened.

Hardened seedlings - with a low stem, short internodes, a developed leaf plate and a macular root system.

They are hardened at a temperature of 10-12 ° C or more, and therefore they will be more accustomed to the sun's rays. But at the same time, one should not forget that the time spent in the open air should be increased gradually.

On the first day, they can be taken out for 30 minutes, on the second 1-1.5 hours, on the third 2-3 hours, on the fourth 3-4, and then you can leave them for the whole day.

The longer the period of hardening of seedlings, the stronger and more viable they will be, and the minimum period is 2-3 days.

You can start the hardening procedure by placing on glazed balcony... But just remember that if you are going to plant them in open ground, this will not be enough, we continue the hardening procedure and on summer cottage, by placing seedlings in daytime under the open sky (no draft), and at night bringing it into the shelter.

Before planting seedlings in open ground (10-12 days), we reduce watering, and completely stop in 7 days. But before planting, we make abundant watering, having previously added potassium chloride to the water (20-30 g per 10 liters of water).

If we have grown the seedlings in the right conditions, then we should have strong, low and short internodes.

Conditions for growing eggplants in the open field

Landing

Before planting seedlings in open ground, we will need to make planting grooves or holes on the site. Planting is done according to a fairly simple scheme: the distance between the rows should be 45-50 cm, and between the plants in a row should be 25-30 cm.

We water the prepared holes (or grooves) abundantly (in each hole from 1 to 3 liters of water) and immediately after watering we plant seedlings in the moist soil, after which we fill the holes (or grooves) with dry soil.

At this method the chances of rooting and survival of seedlings increase markedly. Water the seedlings well every 2-3 days.

Top dressing

During the season, it is also necessary to carry out from 3 to 5 dressings. We carry out the first feeding after about 2-3 weeks, after planting the seedlings.

Until the moment the fruits appear, complex mineral fertilizers are used for feeding. And during the fruiting period, it is necessary to switch to nitrogen-phosphate (1 teaspoon is used for 10 liters of water ammonium nitrate and 1 tbsp. spoon of superphosphate).

It is also necessary not to forget that organic fertilizers promote the growth of the stems, and not the fruits themselves, and therefore use them in moderation.

During the fruiting period, ash is also poured into the soil, and at the end calcium sulfate (1 tsp in 10 l of water).

With weak flowering, plants are sprayed with boric acid dissolved in hot water.

With an excess of green mass, the plants are fed with potassium, and with a weak development, nitrogen-containing fertilizers are used.

In wet or cool weather, foliar feeding of the plant with microelements is carried out.

Watering the eggplant

Water the eggplants regularly, as they need constantly moist soil. In cases of a lack of moisture, both flowers and fruits will begin to fall off, and the development process will also stop.

A prerequisite for watering is the use of warm water with a temperature of at least 20 ° C. After planting the seedlings, the first watering is done after five days. And in the future, it should be weekly (under the root of the plant, trying not to wet the stems and leaves).

In cases where the weather is hot and dry, it is necessary to water more often.

Treatment

The cultivation of this culture consists in the constant loosening of the row spacings and in the fight against weeds. Since eggplant is a heat-loving crop, the aisles should be cultivated often (especially during the growing season), which of course will help warm the soil.

During the season, the aisles must be loosened 4-5 times, depending on the nature of the soil and weather conditions.

The depth of the first loosening should be 8-10 cm, and the next 10-12 cm. It should also be noted that the depth of loosening also depends on the quality of the soil.

In cases with moist and dense soil, the first loosening is done 3 days after planting and to a depth of 6-8 cm, and the depth of subsequent treatments should be 8-12 cm.

Despite the fact that eggplant is a heat-loving crop, many summer residents successfully grow it in a moderately warm climate in open ground... Eggplant treat herbaceous plants from the genus of nightshade, its large fruits, reaching a weight of 1000 grams, are very popular in cooking. Many people mistakenly believe that eggplant is extremely dark purple in color, in fact there are many varieties, the fruits of which are white with pink strokes, yellow or black. Growing eggplant on personal plot- the lesson is simple. The seedling method is especially popular, young seedlings grown in containers take root well in the garden and grow quickly.

Choosing a place on the site for growing eggplant

Eggplant is a thermophilic plant; at temperatures below +20 ° C, the ovary and fruit growth stops. This should be taken into account when choosing a place on the site, it is better that it is sunny and not blown by cold winds. Ridges can be placed on the south side of the building or along a solid fence. Farmers living in the southern regions can easily plant eggplants in open ground. In areas located to the north, it is recommended to provide for the construction of a temporary greenhouse. For this, removable arcs are installed on the garden bed and, if necessary, stretch plastic wrap. The plant does not tolerate freezing temperatures, therefore it is advisable to cover plantings at night.

Pampered eggplant - planting and care depends on the type of soil on the site. The culture will grow well only on a light and fertile substrate, its composition should be close to neutral. Loamy or sandy loam soil is suitable. The ridges begin to prepare in the fall, taking into account the crop rotation of vegetables on the site. So, eggplant should not be planted after other nightshades: peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, wolfberry. The best predecessors are considered: carrots, onions, cucumbers, all types of cabbage, pumpkin, peas.

Heavy soil is diluted by introducing peat and humus into it, sawdust and river sand will add looseness. To increase the fertility of the soil, fresh manure is introduced for digging in the fall. However, it should be remembered that organics containing a large number of nitrogen, can be applied only in autumn, in the spring should be limited to mineral fertilizer or compost. Nitrogen stimulates the growth of green mass, but negatively affects the development of fruits.

Sowing seeds and growing seedlings

What features should be taken into account when growing eggplants in a warm temperate climate? Residents of the central part of Russia are advised to choose varieties with early date ripening of fruits, otherwise in conditions of a short and cool summer they will not have time to ripen. Below are the varieties that are resistant and unpretentious to growing conditions, recommended for open ground in temperate climates:

"Robin the Hood",
"Pink flamingo",
"Alekseevsky",
"Diamond",
"Vakula".

These are high-yielding and early-maturing varieties; under favorable conditions, the yield is from 6 to 9 kg from a plot of 1 m².

Sowing seeds for seedlings begins at the end of February. Farmers should be guided by the fact that seedlings are planted in open ground at the age of 60 days, so residents of the northern regions can sow in early March. Planting eggplants and caring for seedlings is not much different from the agricultural technology of others vegetable crops... A wide box and small plastic containers are filled with nutrient soil. You can purchase a seedling mixture or prepare it yourself:

turf - 4 parts,
fibrous peat substrate - 5 parts,
medium-grained sand or sawdust - 1 part.

All components are thoroughly mixed and laid out in containers, a day before sowing, the soil is moistened from a watering can. Additionally, a complex mineral fertilizer containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus can be applied to the soil.

Before planting seeds, they must be disinfected (etched) in a pink solution of potassium permanganate, then washed and placed in a saucer with warm water (+ 50 ° C). The seeds should be in the "bath" for about 25 minutes, after which they are laid out on a damp cloth and left to germinate. In germinated seeds, seedlings appear after 5 days, in non-germinated seeds - 4–5 days later.

When growing eggplants after sowing seeds and until green shoots appear from the soil, the boxes are kept in a room at a temperature of +25 ° C, not forgetting to regularly moisten the soil from a spray bottle. In the future, the temperature can be gradually reduced to +18 ° C. A couple of weeks before planting, the seedlings are hardened, taking them out for several hours in the open air (courtyard, balcony, veranda).

Planting eggplant seedlings in open ground

Planting is carried out when the air temperature is stably warm, and the night frosts are left behind. The soil temperature must be at least + 12 ° C. The plan for planting in open ground depends on the type of plant. Compact bushes can be planted at a distance of 40 cm, taller ones - 50 cm. The size of the holes depends on the volume of the earthen coma in the pot; before settling, both seedlings and ridges are well watered. Having planted plants, the soil is compacted and mulched with peat, humus or wood chips.

After planting the eggplants, care must be taken. The culture is afraid of a sharp drop in temperatures, so it is recommended to keep the plants under a film until mid-June, especially at night. Young seedlings will grow slowly and reluctantly, during this period it is important not to overdo it with watering, since dampness entails rotting of the root system. It is better to spray the plants with a weakly concentrated urea solution and loosen the aisles.

It is advisable to transplant seedlings to ridges in cloudy weather, and shade the next few days from the midday sun.

Features of eggplant care

In order to get a good harvest, you need to take the advice of professionals. Only with well-organized care can you get large and tasty fruits.

When growing eggplants, special attention should be paid to watering. It is necessary to carefully monitor the condition of the soil, it should not dry out, a layer of mulch will help to achieve the optimal level of moisture. Water for irrigation should be taken warm, previously settled in a barrel. Throughout the spring-summer season, it is necessary to weed out the emerging weeds and loosen the soil; good aeration is very important for the roots.

Fertilization is an important part of eggplant care after planting. Complex mineral fertilizers or organic matter are suitable, for example, a solution of slurry (1:10) or poultry droppings (1:18). The first feeding is carried out on the 10th day, immediately after the plants have acclimatized in the open air. The second - after 3-4 weeks, and the last - at the time of fruit set.

Harvesting can be done 30–35 days after flowering begins. By this time, the fruits will acquire a rich color and glossy hue. The skin of unripe eggplants is brownish, and the pulp is coarse, according to these signs, it is quite simple to determine the degree of ripeness of the fruit.

Seed preparation

Pre-preparation of eggplant seeds: it is recommended to pickle and soak for 3-5 days, wrapped in damp gauze and put on a saucer (make sure that the gauze does not dry out).
1. Growing eggplants in the open field

Agricultural technology of cultivation

Growing eggplant seedlings

The timing of planting eggplant seeds for seedlings: in mid-March.

Important.

Planting eggplant in the ground

The timing of planting eggplant seedlings in the ground: the end of May - the first decade of June, when the threat of spring frosts passes (use 60-65-day potted seedlings).
Planting pattern: 60-65 cm between rows and 30-35 cm in a row between plants. As a rule, no more than 4-6 plants are planted per 1 sq. M. thickening of plantings leads to a decrease in yield.
The best predecessors: melons, legumes and green crops, as well as carrots.
Important.

Eggplant care

Watering

Fertilizers and feeding.

During the period of growing eggplants, three dressings are carried out: the first - at the beginning of mass budding, the second - before mass harvests, the third - during the period of fruit formation on the side shoots. Feed aqueous solution, per 1 sq. m: 4-5 g of ammonium nitrate, 10-20 g of superphosphate, 5-10 g of potassium chloride.

Bush formation.

In order to obtain a compact and well-developed bush, when the eggplant plant reaches 25-30 cm, the top of the main stem is removed (pinched) from it. After the appearance of lateral shoots, 3-5 of the strongest are left, and the rest are also pinched. In the future, only non-fruiting shoots are removed.
For stability, the bush is tied to supports stuck in a row.
Important.
Eggplant is very fond of heat, therefore the best temperature for its growth and development: 20-30 * C. At a temperature of 15 * C, the growth of the eggplant plant stops, and when it drops to 13 * C, it begins to turn yellow and dies. Eggplant does not tolerate frosts in principle, therefore, if young fruits are still on the plants in the fall, the bush can be dug out, transplanted into 4-6 l pots and continue growing in the apartment.

Attention! Eggplants are very demanding on soil moisture, especially during flowering and fruit formation, so watering should be regular (rare and very abundant watering leading to waterlogging of the soil is also harmful).

Diseases of eggplant.

Late blight

Late blight is the most harmful disease of potatoes and tomatoes. The first symptoms of the disease appear where moisture remains the longest - on the lower leaves along the edges of the plate. They are dark brown spots that quickly grow to almost black. On the underside of the leaves, at the border of the affected and healthy tissues, a white bloom appears, clearly visible in the morning, when the dew is still holding. In the future, late blight affects both inflorescences (blackening and drying of the peduncle and sepals), and fruits (the appearance of subcutaneous, vague brownish-brown solid spots that increase in size) and tubers (the appearance of lead-gray spots that turn into hard brown rot) of plants.
The emergence of late blight is facilitated by sharp temperature fluctuations, abundant dew (open ground) and high air humidity (in greenhouses and greenhouses).

Gray rot

Gray rot - fungal disease, which most often affects the dying parts of the plant. A characteristic feature the disease is a white, and then an ash-gray, fluffy bloom on the affected parts of the plant. Later, the lesion takes the form of dry rot with concentric spots. Under unfavorable conditions, especially in the autumn period (sharp fluctuations in temperature and excess moisture), healthy plants and fruits are affected by gray rot.

Leaf mosaic

The leaf mosaic is viral disease... In mosaic-affected plants, the leaves first develop light areas along the veins and slight wrinkling. Then a dark green border appears around them. The leaf affected by the mosaic becomes covered with blister-like swellings, acquires a wrinkled shape, tightens along the veins. The flesh of the fruit affected by the mosaic hardens.
Disease contributes low temperature air and cloudy weather.

Internal fetal necrosis

Internal fetal necrosis is a viral disease. On the fruit affected by necrosis, brown dead areas are formed, which is why the quality of the fruit decreases.
The disease of necrosis is promoted by low illumination combined with high air humidity.

Eggplant pests.

Of the pests, eggplants are most susceptible to:

Aphid

Aphids are small insects, the size of which does not exceed a few millimeters. Its colonies are located on the shoots and the underside of the leaves. Aphids suck sap from plants, puncture the skin of the leaf and cover them with their sticky excrement. As a result, the leaves curl, turn yellow and dry out, and the stems wither. With a strong defeat by aphids, the plant dies.

Spider mite

Spider mites mainly damage plants grown in greenhouses and greenhouses. Braiding the surface of the underside of the leaf with a thinnest web, it pierces its skin and sucks out the cell sap. Plants affected by a tick usually die after a month.

Whitefly

Both adult whiteflies and their larvae cause harm. Whitefly usually keep on the lower surface of the leaves (preferring the leaves of the upper tiers of plants), from which it sucks out all the juices. The leaves turn brown and dry, the fruits fall off.

Colorado beetle

Both adult Colorado beetles and its larvae cause harm. Adult Colorado beetle eats leaves. Larvae of the 1st instar gnaw the flesh of the leaf from below, starting from the 2nd - they destroy all the pulp, leaving only the middle thick veins.

Receiving marketable products.

Eggplant harvesting

Attention! In commercial cultivation of eggplants, in order to increase their yield, every 12-15 rows are arranged with cornice crops from corn, sowing it a week and a half before planting eggplant seedlings.

In central Russia (and to the north), getting a decent harvest of eggplant outdoors is problematic (since eggplant is superior to almost all vegetable crops in terms of its thermophilicity). Therefore, in order to obtain decent yields, it is recommended to grow them in greenhouses with solar heating.

2. Growing eggplant in greenhouses with solar heating

Growing eggplants in greenhouses

Growing eggplant seedlings

The timing of planting eggplant seeds for seedlings: late February - early March.
Supplementing: it is recommended, especially in the first month, otherwise the eggplant seedlings grow poorly and flower buds are laid late in it.
Recommended temperature: the optimum temperature for germination is 20-25 * C, at which eggplant seeds sprout on the 8-10th day (minimum 13 * C).
After the emergence of seedlings within 3-5 days, it is recommended to lower the temperature to 17-20 * C during the day and 10-12 * C at night, which will help better growth roots of eggplant seedlings. Further, the temperature rises again to 25-27 * C during the day and 15-18 * C at night.
Eggplant seed picking: not required.
Important.
Because eggplant seedlings do not tolerate transplanting well, it is recommended to immediately grow eggplant seeds in separate pots, better than peat pots (the recommended diameter is 8-10 cm). Three eggplant seeds are planted in one pot at a time to a depth of 1.5-2 cm. After germination, only the strongest plant is left, the rest are plucked out.
Immediately after germination, eggplant seedlings are not watered at all, and if the soil is dry, then it is moistened by spraying. The first watering is carried out only after 2-3 days, and then regularly (every 5 days), preventing the soil from drying out.
Also, during the growing period, eggplant seedlings are fed 2-3 times with complex mineral fertilizers: the first time - after the appearance of the first pair of true leaves, then after 2 weeks.
Eggplant seedlings ready for planting should have a well-developed root system and 5-7 true leaves.
Attention! Eggplant seedlings love light, dry air and moist soil and do not tolerate drafts, therefore, when airing the room, it is recommended to remove the seedlings from the windowsill.

Planting eggplant in the ground

The timing of planting eggplant seedlings in the ground: in mid-May (use 60-65-day potted seedlings).
Planting pattern: 50-60 cm between rows and 40-40 cm in a row between plants.
Important.
It is recommended to harden eggplant seedlings 7-10 days before planting. For this, the daytime temperature is reduced to 15-17 * C, and the nighttime temperature is reduced to 10-14 * C.
Eggplants are very demanding on soil and location, so the soil should be as fertile as possible, and the location should be well warmed up and protected from the winds. It is possible to plant eggplant seedlings in joint plantings with tomatoes and peppers.
In the spring, at the planting site of eggplants, they bring mineral fertilizer, per 1 sq. m: 60 g of superphosphate, 30 g of potassium chloride and 40 g of ammonium nitrate.
Immediately before planting the seedlings, the dug holes are watered abundantly with water (approximately 2 l / hole). Eggplant seedlings are planted in the resulting gruel, covered with dry soil from the sides so that a crust does not form.
If the eggplant seedlings were grown in a plastic pot, the plant is removed carefully, trying not to damage the lump. If in a peat pot, they are planted in a hole along with a pot.
Attention! When planting, eggplant seedlings are buried 1 cm.

Eggplant growing and care

Watering

The first watering is carried out 2-3 days after planting eggplant seedlings. The next (plentiful) in another 3-4 days. In the future, given that eggplants do not like dry soils, the straits are carried out regularly and abundantly. Before flowering: once a week at the rate of 10-12 l / m2, during flowering and fruiting: once every 4-5 days at the rate of 10-12 l / m2 (or once a week at the rate of 14-16 l / sq.m). Watering must be carried out with warm water, not lower than 20 * C (the recommended water temperature is 24-25 * C). When watering with cold water, eggplants slow down their growth, and their flowering and fruiting times are shifted.

Fertilizers and feeding.

During the period of growing eggplants, from 3 to 5 dressings are carried out (look at the general state of plantings). The first feeding is carried out, as a rule, 2-3 weeks after planting the eggplant seedlings. They are fed with an aqueous solution, per 1 square meter: 4-5 g of ammonium nitrate, 10-20 g of superphosphate, 5-10 g of potassium chloride.
Eggplants are also responsive to organic fertilizers (rotted manure or humus) at the rate of 2-6 kg / sq.m.

Bush formation.

Eggplant is very fond of warmth, therefore, it is recommended to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse during the day: 24-28 * C (in sunny weather) and 22-24 * C (in cloudy weather); at night: 20-22 * C.
Eggplant care comes down to weeding and loosening. In this case, the loosening of the soil should not be deep, because the roots of the eggplant are superficial.
Attention!

1. Eggplants are very demanding on soil moisture, especially during flowering and fruit formation, so watering should be regular (rare and very abundant watering leading to waterlogging of the soil is also harmful).
2. At the same time, the humidity of the air should be low (regular ventilation is necessary) to reduce the risk of damage to the ovaries, and the plant itself, by fungal diseases.
3. The differences in day and night temperatures in the greenhouse should not go beyond the agreed limits, because this can lead to massive loss of ovaries.

Diseases and pests of eggplant.

See growing eggplant outdoors.

Attention! To combat all diseases and pests of eggplant, it is recommended to use modern effective drugs, approved for use in personal household plots, clearly observing the recommended dosage, timing and frequency of treatments.

Receiving marketable products.

On average, one plant (eggplant bush) produces 10 - 20 fruits, with a total weight of 2-3 kg. Moreover, the smaller the number of fruits, the larger they grow.
Eggplants are harvested in the technical maturity phase, when the seeds are still white, underdeveloped and can be easily cut with a knife. A characteristic feature of the technical ripeness of eggplant is a strong glossy shine of the fruit. You should not delay cleaning, because ripe fruits do not ripen next.
As a rule, harvesting is carried out every 4-5 days, necessarily cutting off (without plucking) the eggplant fruit along with the stalk. If you try to pick the fruit, you can break off the entire branch (the stalk is short and very hard).
The collected fruits of eggplants do not ripen (such as tomatoes or peppers), because they wither very quickly and lose their commercial qualities. Therefore, they are used immediately after harvesting.
At the end of the season (after the end of the mass harvest), 4-5 small ovaries are left, and the rest, including the newly formed flowers, are removed (since large quantity all the same, it will not have time to ripen before the onset of cold weather).

Tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers are some of the most popular vegetable crops for growing in the garden, summer cottage. Every year, gardeners sprout seeds, plant them in individual pots, dive, take care of the bushes in every possible way. The correct temperature for seedlings is the most important factor in all stages of plant development.

As practice shows, the harvest of vegetables can be obtained in any climatic zone, but the temperature indicator plays the most important role here. Before planting seedlings for permanent residence, the soil should be warmed up by the sun's rays to about + 12 ° C. Please note that the ground should also not be overheated, young bushes may suffer from this.

Each individual vegetable needs its own temperature regime... You will learn what temperature the seedlings of tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers can withstand from the information below. These vegetables are very demanding on conditions. environment, any temperature difference or deviation from the norm can ruin your work. To prevent this from happening, consider their characteristic features.

Temperature for tomato seedlings

Let's consider the temperature regime for tomatoes in more detail:

Seedlings germinate at a temperature of +12 .. + 16 degrees Celsius, after which it should gradually rise.
At +25 .. + 30 ° C, the sprouts show active growth, so that at this stage they do not stretch, the temperature should be reduced to the initial value (+14 .. + 16 degrees). In this case, the roots of the seedlings begin to form even with a lack of lighting.
What is the minimum temperature for tomato seedlings? It is necessary to ensure that it does not reach + 10 ° C, otherwise the growth of the bushes will stop. Since tomatoes are quite thermophilic, the minimum limit is +12 degrees at night and +23 during the day.
Maximum temperature indicators at which flowering stops and the ovary falls off - above +28 and below + 13 ° С. At high temperatures pollen is sterilized, and at low pollen it simply does not ripen.
At what temperature do tomato seedlings die? Upon reaching the lower mark of the thermometer scale - + 5 ° С or the upper - + 40 ° С, the plants first lose appearance, but then they may even die. Indicator minus 0.5 ° C - death for delicate bushes.

Thus, the acceptable temperature for growing tomatoes is +20 .. + 23 during the day and +16 .. + 18 at night. For the soil, the optimal indicator is similar during the day, and at night it should not fall below + 16 ° С, as this impairs the adaptation (survival) of plants.

Hardening process outside the window

At what temperature should the seedlings be taken out on the balcony? Before planting it in the ground, it must be accustomed to outdoor conditions - hardened. You need to start these procedures about two weeks before planting tomatoes for permanent residence. An open balcony for tomatoes is a great place where they adapt to the sun's rays and cold air.

When the day is warm (+ 12 ° C or higher), seedlings can be opened and taken out to Fresh air- two to three hours in the first 2-3 days will be enough. After this period, it will already be possible to leave it there all day. If you decide to leave it on the balcony overnight, it will be better if you cover it with plastic. The temperature at this stage should not be lower than + 10 ° С, if the column of the thermometer rushes down, then do not hesitate, bring the seedlings into the house. An indicator that the bushes have hardened will be a slight purple tint of the foliage, do not forget to water them during the adaptation process.

Greenhouse for hardening plants before planting in the ground

For the first few days, do not expose the plants to the open sun, they can get burned - the leaves will turn white.

Tomato leaf sunburn

The shade is the best place for them at first. Rooted strong seedlings can even withstand frost, weak ones die immediately.

After 45-50 days from the moment of germination, the tomatoes are sent to the beds. Wait for a cloudy day for planting tomatoes in open ground - this is important condition... They will easily take root, but the soil temperature must be acceptable (not lower than + 12 ° C).

The air and soil temperature is also important if the tomatoes are pre-planted in the greenhouse. The soil under the film warms up quickly, two days will be enough. Thus, the temperature of the upper layers of the soil should not be lower than + 10 ° C, otherwise the root system of plants will stop developing and begin to rot. Ideally, if the temperature of the soil in the greenhouse for planting seedlings is not lower than + 15 ° C. This is an acceptable level for the harmonious adaptation of plants in a new place, the development of new roots.

Cucumber seedlings - growing temperature

Cucumbers are also a thermophilic crop, sprouts appear 4-6 days after planting. The higher the air temperature, the faster the seedlings will appear. This vegetable needs little time to please us with a harvest, from the moment the first sprouts emerge and until the fruiting period, it takes about 50 or 60 days.

Acceptable indicators for the emergence of sprouts are +25 .. + 30 ° С. After germination, the temperature for cucumber seedlings should vary from + 20 ° C to + 23 ° C. No longer needed, because excess heat and lack of light can provoke the bushes to pull out. Plants must be ventilated (open the window), and later taken out to the balcony - hardened.

When 4 full-fledged leaves appear, the cucumbers are transplanted into open ground, the ground for them must be warmed up to + 18 ° C. If at nightfall the air temperature drops below +15, then it is strongly recommended to cover the beds with a film.

Cucumbers do not tolerate even minimal cold snaps (and dampness), at + 15 ° С their growth stops, and at + 10 ° С and below they begin to hurt - they subsequently die. Since cucumbers grow at night, the temperature at this time of day should be at least + 18 ° C.

For cucumbers, the temperature difference between day and night values is very important, if it is more than 7 degrees, then the seedlings get stressed. Therefore, again, do not forget about the covering material for the beds at night. In addition, provide the bushes with regular, moderate watering.

Temperature for pepper seedlings

The daytime temperature for seedlings of peppers should be +22 .. + 25 degrees, at night - +11 .. + 14 (slightly higher than that of tomatoes). Moreover, before the emergence of sprouts, it should be kept within + 25 .. + 28 ° С. After the pepper rises, you need to lower it to + 20 ° С for literally 2 or 3 days, then raise it to +22 .. + 25 ° С and then keep it constantly at this figure.

If you want to have your own eggplants on the table, growing and caring for them in the open field can be done quite successfully. They are ranked among the nightshade genus along with tomatoes, potatoes and peppers, but the cultivation of "blue", as housewives also call them, has its own characteristics.

Eggplant varieties for open ground

For cultivation in an open area, it is advised to choose the most productive, undemanding and early ripening varieties little blue. They differ in the size and shape of the fruits, the ripening periods, even the shades of the vegetable, in addition to lilac, are olive, milk, reddish, striped. The best varieties eggplant for open ground:

Planting eggplants in open ground

The blue ones are a warm-loving culture. Planting eggplants in open ground is planned on a site where the land is freely heated by the sun's rays and there are no cold winds. Well aerated, sandy and loamy compositions are considered the best substrates for blue ones. The heavier ones are fertilized with peat or humus in a proportion of a bucket per 1 m 2. Eggplants - nightshade, growing and care in the open field is permissible next to peppers and tomatoes, and not after them. Carrots, onions, cabbage, cucumbers, peas, and melons have become the optimal predecessors for the blue ones.

How to plant eggplants outdoors?

The blue ones prefer warmth, cannot withstand the cold, and are cultivated with seedlings in a temperate environment. Eggplants, cultivation and care in the open field - preparation of material for planting:

sowing time - mid-March;
the selected seeds are etched with a manganese solution for half an hour, kept in hot water (+ 50 ° C) for twenty minutes;
the grains are laid out on cotton pads, moistened, they will hatch after 6-7 days;
for seedlings, they take a collection of fertile land, humus and fine sand in a combination of 5: 3: 1;
pots or paper containers are relevant for sowing, the grains are deepened by 1 cm;
the seeds are covered with cellophane, watered, kept at + 25 ° C;
when young greenery appears, they are kept at + 16 ° C, watering is reduced;
before planting in the ground, the containers are exposed to the sun for 15 minutes for 2-3 days in order to harden the greens in an outdoor setting;
seedlings preparation time - 60-75 days.

Planting eggplant seedlings in open ground is done if the sprouts have five leaves and a 10-centimeter root. To do this, pits are formed, poured with heated water, seedlings are rooted into the formed substance up to the first pair of leaves together with a lump of earth from the container. The plant is poured abundantly before planting. The earth around the bush is tamped, sprinkled with peat. Seedlings are planted, observing a gap in rows of 60 cm and with a step between specimens of 40 cm.

When to plant eggplants outdoors?

Ready blue seedlings are placed in the ground when it is already safe to plant eggplants in open ground and there is no risk of cold nights. The predominant conditions for transplanting seedlings are the ground temperature of 18 ° C, the age of the shoots is 2-2.5 months, the height is 17-25 cm. For most of the agro-climatic zones of the Non-Black Earth Region, the period of safe planting of crops falls on the first decade of June.

How to grow eggplants outdoors?

What temperature can eggplants withstand outdoors?

Growing eggplants in the open field requires the fulfillment of all agricultural technology requirements. A suitable temperature for the positive development of culture is + 25-28 ° C. Under conditions less than + 15 ° C, the plant inhibits growth. At negative or continuing low above zero temperatures, it dies. Seedlings are most sensitive to such requirements. Strong temperature changes lead to the fall of buds, ovaries.

Open field eggplant bed

The eggplant garden bed should be well lit and weed-free. The best option is the planting of seedlings in rows with a distance of no more than 1 meter. During the growth period, the bush is spud twice with adding soil substrate under the root. Young seedlings are afraid of the cold at night. Therefore, there is no choice but to cover the eggplants in the open field with the threat of cold weather. To do this, cellophane is stretched over wire arches installed at a height of 1 m above the garden bed. It is completely removed at the onset of stable heat, as a rule, after June 15.

Soil for eggplant outdoors

The soil needs fertile, slightly acidic or neutral. Eggplants, cultivation and care in the open field for which begins in the fall with the preparation of the land, do not experience discomfort. The site is pre-dug deeply onto a shovel bayonet with the addition of liquid manure, freed from weeds, and disinfected. For disinfection, take 1-2 tablespoons of copper sulfate in a bucket of water.

In the spring, they dig it to a reduced depth, simultaneously add sand (or sawdust) and fertilizers: 10-20 g of ammonium nitrate, 40 g of superphosphate, 20 g of potassium chloride plus 3 kg of humus per 1 square meter. After the garden bed is leveled and moistened with a rake. During the first couple of weeks after planting the eggplants, the seedlings take root, growing and caring for it must be puffed to a depth of 10 cm. This method improves the access of oxygen to the root processes.

How to shape eggplants outdoors?

In order to obtain a neat bush with strong lateral stems, eggplant is produced in the open field. After the plant reaches 30 cm in height, the top is cut off the main trunk. From new shoots, powerful 4-5 are chosen, other stepchildren are cut off. On the remaining stems, the crop harvest will begin to form. On one copy, no more than 20 ovaries are left at the same time, the sockets are torn off so that extra stepsons are not taken away nutrients by the vegetable.

How to feed eggplants outdoors?

Garden eggplants, cultivation and care in the open field, which are carried out according to agricultural technology, need additional feeding. Make-up rules:

They begin to fertilize the seedlings for 10-15 days using a mixture of mineral preparations: 50 g of superphosphate, plus 10 g of ammonium nitrate, 20 g of potassium salt per 10 liters of water. The plant actively responds to liquid manure feeding.
The 2nd feeding of eggplants in the open field is planned 20 days after the initial one, the rate of minerals increases by 2 times.
The 3rd replenishment is necessary at the fruiting stage: 80 g of urea and superphosphate plus 10 g of potassium chloride are dissolved in 10 liters of water.
The solution is poured under the bush, after feeding the plant is poured with clean water so as not to burn the roots.

How to water eggplants outdoors?

The blue ones are moisture-loving plants; caring for eggplants involves abundant hydration. At first, the seedlings are not watered, but irrigated if the soil is dry. The first watering of seedlings is carried out after 3 days, then in the morning, every week. In hot weather, the frequency of humidification increases. Tap water is defended from chlorine for 24 hours in open containers, heated to 25 ° C. The irrigation rate is about 10 liters per 1 m 2. It is necessary to pour water at the root, without falling on the foliage. A crust must not be allowed to form after watering - caring for the plant involves loosening.

Features of growing eggplant, diseases and pests

Garden eggplants - some growing secrets:

they love light, shade and location under the crown of trees and shrubs slow down the growth of culture;
humus after planting has a positive effect on blue ones;
with a lack of moisture, the buds fall off, and the vegetables take on ugly outlines;
to get big and beautiful fruits, the shoot over the vegetable is cut at the level of 2 leaves above the blue one. The sterile stems are removed completely;
in rainy weather, the plants are covered with glazed frames to avoid rot.

Diseases and pests cause serious damage to eggplants when grown and nursed in the open field:

Bacterial ailments, black spot, internal necrosis. They leave stains on the fruit. As a preventive measure, it is required to collect seeds only from healthy vegetables, autumn disinfection of the soil with copper sulfate, and destruction of the remnants of past plants in future beds.
Mosaic of leaves. A viral disease that ruins the harvest. For protection and care: seeds are treated with potassium permanganate; seedlings are irrigated with milk diluted in water (1:10), then covered with foil; inventory, tools and boxes are disinfected with potassium permanganate.
Aphid. It feeds on juice from shoots, Karbofos is used for destruction.
It settles at the bottom of the leaf. For the fight, an infusion of onion or dandelion is used, with the addition of liquid soap to it.
Foliage and fruits are harmful. It is better to sprinkle the soil next to the bush with ash, salt, red pepper, tobacco dust.

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