Ventilation of residential premises - which systems there are systems and requirements. Air exchange rates of ventilation systems in residential premises Forced exhaust ventilation

Organized natural ventilation in a residential building is an air exchange occurring due to the difference in air density inside the building and outside, through specially arranged exhaust and supply openings.

For ventilation of rooms in a residential apartment house The natural ventilation system is envisaged. Let's figure it out as it works and at the expense of what works.

Natural ventilation device

In each entrance from the first floor of the last, there is a common ventilation channel that passes vertically below, up with the output either on the attic or immediately to the roof (depending on the project). Satellite channels are connected to the main ventilation channel, the beginning of which is located, as a rule, in the bathroom, in the kitchen and toilet.

Through these channels-satellites "spent" air leaves apartments, it falls into the overall ventilation shaft, it takes place and is displayed in the atmosphere.

It seems that everything is extremely simple and such a mechanism should work trouble-free. But there are many points that can interfere with normal ventilation work.

The most important thing in the work of natural ventilation is that the air must come to the apartment in sufficient quantity. According to projects, according to SNiP, this air should flow through the "looseness" of window openings, as well as by opening the vents.

Exposure from SNiP 2.08.01-89 (parameters of the minimum air exchange for an apartment).

But we all understand that modern windows in a closed state do not miss any other airs. It turns out you need all the time to keep windows open, which is naturally not possible for a variety of reasons.

Causes of violation of natural ventilation

Re-equipment of Venta Channels

It happens that ventilation ceases to work because of the active neighbors, which simply could break the ventilation channel to expand the living space. In this case, all residents, whose apartments are below, ventilation will stop working.

Trash in the ventilation channel

It often happens that something falls into the ventilation mine and simply does not give the air to move freely. If this happened, then you need to contact the appropriate structure, it is prohibited to climb on the ventilation channel yourself.

Not properly connecting exhaust umbrellas

Also the common problem is to connect kitchen hoods (exhaust umbrellas) of high power to the satellite channel, which is not intended for this. And when such a hood is turned on, then in the overall ventilation channel, an air stopper is formed, which disrupts the operation of the entire system.

Seasonality

Unfortunately, the operation of the natural ventilation system also has the effect of temperature regime, in the cold season it works better, and in the summer, when the temperature rises in the street it works weaker. This is still added a few negative points described above, and the work of the entire system comes on.

And of course there are errors in construction allowed by the Contractor for any other reasons ... Only the installation of the supply and exhaust ventilation equipment will help.

Natural ventilation works all year round 24 hours a day. Therefore, a 24-hour air flow is needed. If it is not, then in winter with closed windows, condensate is possible, increasing moisture up to the formation of mold, so that this is avoiding installing the supply valves, it will improve the ventilation indoors and relieve from excess moisture.

For organizing a good air exchange in the apartment all year round. The installation of the conductor will be required. Thanks to this device, you do not have to open the windows, and the apartment will always come in fresh and clean air.

(From the experience of Germany, France, Finland and Moscow)

V. I. Livchak, Cand. tehn Sciences, Head of MosgosExpertize

To buildings of typical series windows manufactured by european technologyThe problem was to reduce the air exchange in the premises of the apartment because of the large air permeability of the window openings and, accordingly, in the overruns of heat for heating. A natural exhaust ventilation system was used under the action of a gravitational pressure created by the difference of volumetric weights of outdoor air, more severe, and internal, more lung. Thanks to the use of a "warm" attic that collects the entire air-removed air and is a static pressure chamber, and other solutions that increase the hydraulic stability of the natural exhaust ventilation system, as well as due to the large air permeability of windows, the extractor worked satisfactorily, which is confirmed by tests, the results of which are shown below .

Now, the breathability of new windows in a closed state even in the conditions of the calculated outdoor temperature does not provide a regulatory air exchange in apartments under the action of a natural gravitational pressure. The consequence of this can serve, in addition to incomplete removal of smells from the apartment, an increase in air humidity in the premises and, as a result, the formation of mold. This may be despite the fact that in accordance with the norms during the selection heating devices There is a mandatory heating by outer air in the volume of the regulatory air exchange: 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of the living area (the norm of SNiP 2.06.01-89 *) or 30 m 3 / h per living (the norm of the MHSN 3.01-96 "Residential buildings ").

In confirmation of what was said in Fig. 1, according to German sources, shows the ranges of changes in the calculated air permeability of windows of the old design (area 1), new windows in the closed position (region 2) and with fixed leakage (region 3). Lines 4 and 5 show the requirements of German standards on the heat of 1995, respectively, for buildings up to 2 floors inclusive and more than 2 floors.

Figure 1, 2.

Some experts see the way out of the situation in the organization of mechanical, forced supply and exhaust ventilation in residential buildings. Scandinavian countries have already followed this path, in their norms the obligation to apply such systems in residential buildings. The advantage of such a solution is also the possibility of recycling the heat of exhaust air for heating the supply, which allows not only to compensate for the cost of electricity to rotate fans, but also to obtain additional saving of thermal energy to heating.

However, the German, and French specialists working in the field of heating and ventilation (representing IEMB companies - the Institute for Service and Modernization of Buildings at Technical University of Berlin and Sodeteg - a similar Institute in Paris and participating in the project TACIS "Energy Saving in the Construction Sector of Moscow" According to the European Union Program for the Development of Russia), they negatively relate to the implementation of mechanical supply ventilation in the housing construction due to the high cost of this decision. In both countries, a mechanical exhaust ventilation is used with a centrifugal fan that is permanently operating, and an air-native air flow through the gaps in window openings or special holes in window box either in the wall equipped with closing valves.

Data is given that the cost support and exhaust ventilation It is 100-140 DM / m 2 of the total area of \u200b\u200bapartments, and mechanical exhaust - 40-60 DM / m 2.

Moreover, in Germany, as a rule, a centralized exhaust ventilation system is used with the possibility of a short-term increase in the exhaust volume from a given room and with automatic adjustment of the fan speed (Fig. 2). Reception valves of exhaust ventilation from the kitchen and bathroom (in Germany even 4 room apartments Descent with one toilet on an apartment combined with a bathroom) make with silence of noise, increased resistance and with small holes around the perimeter, calculated for skipping the necessary minimum air flow from this room with a valve central flap closed.

The exhaust valve sash opens simultaneously with the ignition of light in the bathroom, and air is removed from this room. When they left the room and repaid the light, the sash of the exhaust valve closed and the removal of the minimum air force continues through it. In the kitchen, if necessary, the valve sash opens with a special switch. With the simultaneous opening of the valves in the valves installed in several rooms, in order to avoid falling theft of the fan and the occurrence of the hydraulic detection of the exhaust system along the resolution sensor signal placed at the bottom point of this system, the number of fan engine speeds and the fan pressure is restored at Increased air supply. The author observed the work of such a system in one of the operated buildings. It is designed and manufactured by Strulik.

In France, it is believed that the system with automatic regulating frequency of rotation of the fan is quite expensive, and the centralized exhaust ventilation system is used without autofulating the frequency of the fan rotation. But in the receiving valve of exhaust ventilation, a rubber cavity is envisaged, which, depending on the true pressure drop, is inflated in such a way that it ensures the constancy of air flow through the valve when the pressure drops on it from 50 to 150 Pa.

At the same time to ensure the receipt of the room fresh air, according to the volume of the resulting quantity, in the window opening box or in the wall above the window, a slit closed from the inner air is a specially designed valve having a silencer and a membrane with holes for the hardening of the slot under the action of a strong wind or a large vacuum. A valve design has been developed, which opens when a certain humidity is reached.

In Germany, windows are used, providing in the lower position of the shut-off handle, the dense closure of the windows of the window, and in the upper position - a fixed disclosure of the slot between the box and the window sash. The company "EGE" produces windows with slots at the bottom of the box from the side of the street for passing the outer air and the upper side of the air intake room and special devices in the side parts of the frame for the possibility of regulating the amount of air flowing. Solve solutions are possible under the window with a diameter of 100 mm with the possibility of its closure if necessary. An example of such a valve developed by Lunos with a filter and silencer is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3.

It is interesting to bring data on the volume of air necessary for admission to the apartment for the purpose of ventilation. In the residential buildings of Germany, they are close to the requirements of Moscow norms. This volume varies depending on the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment and solving exhaust ventilation - with natural motivation or mechanical. For an apartment with a total area of \u200b\u200bup to 50 m 2, regardless of the motivation of ventilation, the volume of the air supplied should be 60 m 3 / h. With an apartment area from 50 to 80 m 2 in the presence of a natural exhaust exhaust - 90 m 3 / h, with a mechanical exhaust - 120 m 3 / h. For apartments more than 80 m 2 -, respectively, 120 and 180 m 3 / h. In Moscow, on average, one inhabitant accounts for 20-22 m 2 of the total area, so at a rate of 30 m 3 / h per person, the volume of the exhaust is also in the range of 60-120 m 3 / h.

It should be noted that in Germany, it is so true to the decision of the negation of the need for forced supply ventilation in residential buildings, which during the reconstruction of the existing 20-storey houses in East Berlin, where there was already a valid supply and exhaust ventilation with the utilization of exhaust air heat for heating, only exhaust is restored Ventilation with mechanical motivation. The disadvantage of this solution is in the impossibility of using the heat potential of the air removed by exhaust ventilation due to the lack of centralized preparation of the supply air. Under these conditions, it can be a more effective solution to abandon the use of a heat pump that uses the heat of exhaust air to heat water into household needs. Since the mode of operation of the heat pump is permanent, and the consumption of hot water is variable, the hot water supply system must be equipped with battery tanks.

As part of the TACIS project planned program, it would be advisable to fulfill both system utilization systems of exhaust air on different sections of the house to assess their investment value and energy efficiency under operating conditions.

How can this experience affect solutions to ventilate residential buildings in the country?

Earlier it has already been said that in Russia for residential buildings of elevated floors, an exhaust ventilation system with increased hydraulic stability and natural motivation is used. A huge contribution to the development of this field of technology, as in many others (the development of an effective system of air protection of the building, improving the efficiency of heating and hot water systems, the automation of the management of their operation and heat supply control, the creation of a comfortable microclimate in the premises through the provision of optimal air and thermal The regimes in them and others) made M. M. Grudzinsky. He first approached this problem with his own depth and breadth of coverage of all influencing factors, considering the work of the ventilation system in conjunction with the processes of formation of air and thermal regimes of the building and the exposure to them outdoor microclimate and the possible reaction of the population.

M. M. Grubzinsky on the basis of the above-mentioned, scientific substantiation and methodology for calculating ventilation systems with a natural motion for multi-storey buildings set forth in the book "Heating and ventilation systems of increased floors buildings" (M., Stroyzdat, 1982). It showed that the instability of the exhaust work in individual rooms (including the lower floors), which is a disadvantage of ventilation systems with natural motivation used earlier, is caused by pressures of pressures in apartments from mathematically expected values \u200b\u200bdue to random factors: domestic regulation of air exchange by venting, degree Sealed windows, entrance doors to apartments, change in direction and wind speed, etc.

Statistical assessment of emerging deviations, made according to the results of mass measurements of pressure drops between the staircase and individual apartments (about 300 tests), is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen from this pattern, there is a rather significant reduction in pressure from the mathematically expected value, which can occur despite the decrease or termination of the exhaust. This is explained by the fact that in the lower floors of the lift-lift node, bordering the apartment, a fairly large vacuum is supported.

Figure 4.

Histogram of pressure deviations in separate apartments from mathematical expectations (P - the number of cases,% of the total number of measurements)

Figure 5.

Connection of the branch of the upper floor

The same vacuum can be observed in the following, and overlying apartments. In case of insufficiency of isolation of the apartment from neighboring rooms (when sealing windows for the purpose of domestic regulation), reduced pressure can be maintained due to the flow of air into these rooms. To exclude in this case, the exhaust tipping is necessary that the air pressure in the national channel is less than possible minimum pressure in the apartment. Along with the sealing of the internal fences of the apartment, this can be ensured by an increase in the aerodynamic resistance of the satellite channel.

From fig. 4 It can be seen that to eliminate the ability to overturn with the security of 0.95, the pressure in the national channel should be 6 pa less mathematically expected pressure in the apartment, and for a complete exception to 9 Pa. The execution of this condition is possible if the resistance of the channel-satellite at the estimated air flow in it is at least 6-9 pa.

The implementation of this is rather difficult in the apartments of the upper floors, where the disputed head is the smallest, especially in the calculated conditions, for which the outer temperature is taken + 5 ° C (with a higher outer temperature, the ventilation of the apartments may be administered by ventilating). And this still takes place despite the fact that to increase the disposable pressure, the resistance of general sections of the system was reduced - the refusal of the prefabricated horizontal channels in the attic and the transformation of the latter into the static pressure chamber ("warm" attic); The release of air from the national channel ends with a diffuser with a coefficient of local resistance X<0,6; выпуск воздуха из канала последнего этажа в сборный канал, что создает дополнительное разрежение в результате эжектирующего эффекта (рис. 5).

The disposable pressure was also increased due to an increase in the height of the exhaust mine, through which the air is removed from the "Warm" attic. The installation of a single mine on the section allowed it to join it to the operating room of the machine branch of elevators over the roof and, without disturbing the architectural appearance, raise the estimated height of up to 6 m (1.5-2 m above the roof). Umbrellas were removed from exhaust mines, which again reduced the pressure loss of general sections of the network (to collect atmospheric precipitation on the floor under the shaft, a pallet with a height of 250 mm) was installed). To increase the deflexing properties of the mine under the action of wind, the cross section should approach the square and the headpoint to be open.

With the device of common seen exhaust mines, the room "Warm" attic should also have seenctional partitions, which corresponds to both fire requirements. Installing two exhaust mines in one compartment "Warm" attic is not allowed. These restrictions are caused by the fact that the atmospheric pressure of the glitters of different exhaust mines under the action of wind can differ significantly and due to the small aerodynamic resistance of exhaust mines (1-2 Pa), one of them can start working on the inflow. This phenomenon was noted in buildings where the specified requirement was not fulfilled.

The main element of the ventilation systems of multi-storey buildings are prefabricated vertical channels with satellite channels connected to them, through which the air from the kitchens and bathrooms of apartments located on one vertical above each other are removed. The prefab vertical channels are usually performed from the flooring blocks of industrial manufacture (Fig. 6), including at the same time floor branches (satellite channels) with the inlet on which the ventilation grille or receiving valve is fixed. It is desirable that the floor blocks that form one prefab vertical channel make absolutely the same design and dimensions that would eliminate the need for assembly regulation. This is achieved with a certain ratio of the geometric dimensions of individual block elements.

When designing a ventilation unit with a channel-satellite, it is necessary to provide minimal air subcuses in horizontal ducts connecting the ventilation grid with the inlet in the block, as well as the independence of the aerodynamic resistance of the channel-satellite channel from the seal of the joints of the walls separating the collection channel and the satellite canal. Both of these requirements are performed when the main proportion of the specified aerodynamic resistance in the satellite channel is created in its input part. The cross section of the satellite and horizontal connection itself should be chosen based on the speed not exceeding 1-1.5 m / s.

Calculations showed that in 9-25-storey buildings, the air velocity value on the release from the collection channel, depending on the flood, can reach 2.5-3.5 m / s. The estimated air velocity in the exhaust mine should not be more than 1 m / s.

But the uniform distribution of exhaust air vertically buildings cannot be achieved without depressurization of windows, especially the upper floors. The magnitude of the disposable pressure for the apartments of the upper floors when setting the windows uniformly, the windows and constant air permeability of the windows can reach negative values, which eliminates the operation of exhaust ventilation from these apartments.

The said is confirmed. 7, which shows the data obtained from the calculation of the building, data on the operation of exhaust ventilation with a natural motion in a 16-storey building at T H \u003d -15 ° C for the premises of the taught orientation (the most extreme conditions for the apartments of the upper floor) and the constant air permeability of the windows ( 3-4 times higher than modern) - curve 1.

Curve 2 depicts how the disposable pressure changes during depiction of windows, providing a uniform entry of outer air into each apartment in the volume of the inflow sanitary standard (3 m 3 / h per m 2 of the living space) with the same outdoor temperature, and the curve 3 is the same, As curve 2, but at an outdoor air temperature + 5 ° C.

As can be seen from fig. 7 and 8, disposable pressure for apartments of the upper floors with closed windows, despite the low temperature of the outer air and a significant reduction in the exhaust in them, it turned out to be significantly less than the calculated disposable pressures at T H \u003d + 5 ° C and open windows. At the same time, the infiltration of fresh air is so small that the depressurization of windows in the apartments of the upper floors is inevitable. The data obtained for the mode with the winding of windows on the basis of the sanitary rate of air inflows, they talk about a significant increase in the disposable pressures for apartments of the upper floors and on alignment of the exhaust on the floors.

Figure 6, 7, 8.

Consequently, adjusting the ventilation of the premises by opening windows or other devices that pass the outer air into the apartment allows you to stabilize the air exchange in them during the winter with exhaust systems with the natural motion of the principles presented above.

Fatural tests performed in the summer also confirm the satisfactory operation of the system - the volume of the exhaust, of course, is reduced, starting with T H\u003e 15 ° C, reaching at T H \u003d 30 ° C 60% of the regulatory orientation regulatory in apartments and 30% In the tavern. Of the 210 measurements of air flow, removed from the apartments, in 6 cases, short-term pull-over hoods are revealed, which, with an increase in the duration of measurements, up to 5 minutes no longer noted. Changing the hood from the bathrooms of the apartments of the atmosphere orientation (dark points) and the taverged (light dots) is shown in Fig. nine.

Figure 9, 10.

The transition to a system of exhaust ventilation with a mechanical motivation puts a number of increased requirements for both the sealing of floor joints of the block vertical channels, and to the tightness of the fences of the apartment (especially interlential overlaps and entrance doors) and the attic, if you keep a solution with a "warm" attic. How the sealing of ventilation channels is performed abroad seen from fig. 10 - The connection is made through the coupling on the glue. On the tightness of the apartment fences, the use of forced exhaust ventilation forced the majority of European countries to introduce regulations on the permissible depressurization of the apartment fences at a given pressure drop between the inner and outer air, which was checked using the Mineapolis - Bloor-Door method.

It should be noted that the overwhelming part of the new housing construction in Western Europe is a building below 6-7 floors, and the experience of applying mechanical exhaust ventilation in these buildings is worthy of imitation for similar buildings and from us. But the overwhelming volume of housing in Moscow is large-panel buildings above 9 floors, with insufficient tightness of inter-storey floors and ventilation blocks of industrial manufacture, due to constructive features not adapted to use in the mechanical exhaust ventilation system.

At the same time, as shown above, subject to the presented recommendations for the design of natural exhaust ventilation with a "warm" attic, when carrying out the supply devices in the windows or in the wall under them and in the presence of a significant disposable under the action of gravitational forces in the buildings of increased Floors There is a steady work of drawing in them without mechanical motivation. Therefore, we believe that while the panel house-building is maintained, it is possible to maintain a system of natural exhaust ventilation with a "warm" attic, adding the installation to the described solution for the last two floors of channel fans on the hood from the premises of the kitchen and bathrooms.

This solution is already applied by some project organizations, it increases the reliability of the system, and if the hood from these premises is directed by independent channels directly to the "warm" attic, then the operation of the fans (the power consumption does not exceed 20 W) does not break the drawing mode from the other floors of the building.

But, by giving the creation of exhaust ventilation systems with a natural motion in the hands of designers, it is impossible not to pay attention to the results of their "creativity" and allow such incomplete solutions, as shown in the photo exhaust mine of residential buildings with a "warm" attic of a typical series 111. Earlier it was said That in order to reduce the resistance of the exhaust mine, it is necessary to remove the umbrella from it, and here the head board is generally closed with a lid. Naturally, in such houses, ventilation will not work.

The mechanical ventilation in the panel residential buildings should be launched there, where the floors do not exceed 6-7 floors and where the attic is ineffective, the attic is being built instead. Probably, the use of mechanical ventilation will be optimally at the modernization of the huge number of built 9-storey panel buildings. But it is necessary to achieve the density of the compounds of vertical channels in the construction execution and increase the tightness of the inter-storey floors and the entrance doors to the apartment.

Today, there are consisted in modern construction, in which research is being conducted to improve the technology of the structure, also improve the quality during operation, not an exception is the air exchange of premises in the building. Problems in this area are relevant and solved by selecting multiplicity under the ventilation system. Full-scale tests are carried out and standards are written on them. The most successful country in this case is the United States. They developed the ASHRAE Standard, using the experience of other countries, namely Germany, Denmark, Finland, and their scientific developments. The post-Soviet space also has a developed analogue of such a document. In 2002, Avok were developed standards of the norms of air exchange of public and residential buildings.

The construction of modern structures is carried out with the calculation of increased insulation and large tightness of windows. Therefore, the optimal exchange of air is very important in such cases for performing sanitary and hygienic standards and the corresponding microclimate. It is also important not to cause damage to energy saving so that in winter to ventilation does not stretch all heat, and in the summer - cool air from the air conditioner.

To determine the calculation of the air exchange in the premises, except for hospitals, a new method was created, which is described in the ASHRAE 62-1-2004 edition. It is determined by summing indicators of the value of fresh outdoor air, which is supplied directly for breathing, given the area of \u200b\u200bthe room falling on one person. As a result, the value was significantly lower than the late edition of ASHRAE.

Air exchange rates in residential buildings

When calculating, it is necessary to use the data of the table, provided that the level of saturation of malicious components is not higher than the norms of the MPC.

Premises	Air exchange rate	Notes
Living sector	Multiplicity 0.35h-1, But not less than 30 m³ / h * people.	When calculating (m 3 / h), the space of the room is taken into account by the multiplicity of the room.
Living sector	3 m³ / m² * h living quarters, with an apartment area less than 20 m² / person.	Premises with air enclosures require additional extracts
Kitchen	60 m³ / h for electric stove	Air supply to residential rooms
Kitchen	90 m³ / h for using 4-kilt gas stove	Air supply to residential rooms
Bathroom, Toilet	25 m³ / h from every room	Same
Bathroom, Toilet	50 m³ / h with combined bathroom	Same
Laundry	Multiplicity 5 h-1	Same
Wardrobe, pantry	Multiplicity 1 h-1	Same

In cases of non-use of accommodation for housing, indicators decrease in this way:

in the area of \u200b\u200bresidence 0.200-1;
in the others: kitchen, bathroom, toilet, pantry, wardrobe by 0.5h-1.

At the same time, it is necessary to avoid flowing airflow from these premises in residential if it is present there.

In cases where the air entering the room from the street passes a large distance to the exhaust, then the multiplicity of air exchange increases. There is still a concept as the intake of ventilation, which implies the lag behind the fall of oxygen from the outside before its use in the room. This time is determined using a special chart (view in Figure 1), given the smallest air exchange rates in the above table.

For instance:

air flow 60 m³ / h * people;
housing volume 30 m³ / person;
time delay 0.6 h.

Air exchange rates for office buildings

Norms in such buildings will be significantly higher, because ventilation should effectively cope with large quantity Carbon dioxide allocated by the staff and there is techniques, to remove excess heat, while serving clean air. In this case, there will be no natural ventilation, the use of such a system will not be able to provide the required hygienic and air exchange standards. During construction, it is used hermetically closed doors and windows, also the device of panoramic glazing completely limits the air from the outside, which leads to a stagnation of air and the deterioration of the microclimate of housing and the overall condition of the person. Therefore, it is necessary to design and install special ventilation.

The main requirements of such ventilation include:

ability to ensure sufficient volume of fresh clean air;
filtering and eliminating used air;
no exceeding standards for noise;
convenient control;
a small level of power consumption;
the opportunity to fit into the interior and have small sizes.

The conference rooms require the installation of additional supply devices, and the exhaust must be installed in toilets, corridors and in the halls for copying. In the offices, the mechanical extractor is mounted in cases where the area of \u200b\u200beach cabinet exceeds 35 square meters. m.

As practice shows, with incorrect distribution of a large air flow in offices with low ceilings, a feeling of drafts is created, and in this case, people demand to turn off the ventilation.

Organization of air exchange in a private house

Healthy microclimate and well-being dependent in many respects from the right organization of the supply and exhaust system in the house. Often, during the design of ventilation, it happens or pay little attention, thinking that one exhaust in the toilet will be enough for this. And often the air exchange is organized incorrectly, which leads to many problems and in themselves a threat to human health.

In the case when there is an insufficient yield of polluted air, there will be a large level of humidity in the room, the ability to infect the walls of fungus, fogging windows and a feeling of dampness. And when there is a bad influx, there is a lack of oxygen, a large dustiness and increased humidity or dryness, it depends on the season outside the window.

Properly arranged ventilation and air exchange in the house looks like shown in the figure.

The incoming air in the dwelling should be first through the window or open window flaps, the trim valve is with outdoor The walls of the dwelling, then passing through the room, penetrates under the door web or through special ventilation holes and enters the bathrooms and the kitchen. It turns out longer through the exhaust system outside.

The method of organizing air exchange in the use of ventilation systems is varied: mechanical or natural, but in all cases air flow occurs from residential areas, but it turns out in technical: bathroom, kitchen and others. When using any system, it is necessary to make ventilation channels in the inner part of the capital wall, this will avoid the so-called tipping of the flow of air, which means the inverse movement before it is indicated in Figure 2. Over these channels, the exhaust air is given out.

What is the air exchange?

The air exchange is the flow rate of the outdoor air of M3 / hour, which falls into the building using the ventilation system (Figure 3). Environmental Pollution B. residential rooms It comes from sources located in them - it can be furniture, various fabrics, products of consumption and human activity, household products. It also happens by gas formation from the effect of exhalation of carbon dioxide by humans and other vital processes of the body, more different technical evaporations that may be present in the kitchen from gas combustion on the plate and many other factors. Therefore, the air exchange is so necessary.

To maintain normal air indicators in dwellings, control over the saturation of carbon dioxide CO2 by adjusting the ventilation system with concentration. But there is a second way, more common is the method of controlling the air exchange. It is much cheaper and in many cases more efficiently. There is a simplified way to evaluate it using Table 2.

But when designing a mechanical ventilation system in the house or apartment you need to make calculation.

How does the ventilation work?

First, it is checked whether the extractor works, for this it is necessary to launch a sheet of paper or flame from the lighter directly to the ventilation grille located in the bathroom or in the kitchen. The flame or sheet should end up toward the drawing, if so, it works, and if this does not happen, the channel can be blocked, for example, to clog leaves or for any other reason. Therefore, the main task is to eliminate the cause and provide craving in the channel.

Regular ventilation of residential and public buildings provides timely removal of excess heat, moisture and harmful gaseous impurities accumulating in the air as a result of the stay of people and various household processes.

The air is badly ventilated by dwelling and other closed rooms due to changes in the chemical and bacterial composition, physical and other properties are able to have a harmful effect on the state of health, causing or degraded the course of diseases of the lungs, hearts, kidneys, etc. It has been established that long inhalation of such air in combination With unfavorable temperature-humid and aeroimonal modes significantly affects nervous system and general human well-being ( headache, loss of appetite, decrease in performance, etc.). All this indicates a large hygienic value of the ventilation of residential premises, as pure air is, according to F.F. Erisman, one of the first aesthetic needs of the human body.

The magnitude of the necessary exchange of room air with the outer depends on the number of people in the room, its cabbage and the nature of the work being carried out. It can be determined on the basis of various indicators, and as one of them, common in sanitary practice during the survey of residential premises, the content of carbon dioxide is taken. Ventilation should not exceed the content of carbon dioxide in the room above 1% o, which is adopted as a permissible concentration for ordinary residential premises, classes, hospital chambers, etc.

The purity of air indoors is due to the provision for each person the necessary amount of air - the so-called air cube - and its regular change of outer air. The number of ventilation air required for this person per hour is called the volume of ventilation.

In residential premises, the air cube rate is 25-27 m3, the volume of ventilation is 37.7 m3, so it is necessary to provide approximately 1.5-2 times the exchange of room air to the full removal of spoiled air and replace it with its clean atmospheric air. Thus, the multiplicity of the air exchange is the main criterion of the intensity of ventilation. It is calculated by dividing the amount of air entering for 1 hour to the room, on its cub.

In the premises where it produces heavy physical work, for example, in sports halls, the specified air cube size and ventilation volume will be insufficient and the multiplicity of air exchange increases, however, within the limits of permissible values \u200b\u200bthat do not cause strong air currents. In children's institutions, ventilation volume may be less. It is also differentiated depending on the appointment of individual public buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.).

When normalizing the volume of ventilation, instead of the multiplicity of the air, the amount of air intake or air removed from the calculation per person per hour is indicated.

Natural ventilation is called the outer air infiltration through various slots and looser in the windows, doors and partly through the pores of building materials in the rooms, as well as to ventilate them using open windows, forces and other holes suitable for enhancing the natural air exchange.

In this and different cases, the exchange of air is due to the difference in the temperature of the outer and room air and the wind pressure. This exchange of this exchange is most intense when the construction system is open, when the buildings are removed from each other and all four parties are involved in the air exchange, and the rooms are located on two opposite facades, which creates end-to-end ventilation.

The air exchange due to infiltration provides only 0.5-0.75-multiple air sharing for 1 hour. Since this is not enough, the versions and fraamuga, leaving at an angle of 45 ° inside the room (Fig. 4.5). In this case, the cold air enters the room first upwards under the ceiling, and then, partially heated, descends down, without forming sharp currents and without causing strong cooling of people. The size of

Fig. 4.5. Framuga, A - Outdoor air flow; B - air intake.

points should be at least 1/50 floor area. In the cold season, there is more efficient ventilation at a fully and frequently opened for 5-10 minutes for 5-10 minutes than with a long-term submerged. It should not be afraid of a short-term decrease in the temperature in the room, since the walls and the situation are cooled during this time slightly and at the end of the ventilation the air temperature will quickly restrict, the main thing - in this case a more complete air change will occur.

IN multi-storey buildings To enhance natural ventilation, exhaust channels are arranged in the inner walls, at the top of which there are receiving holes. The channels are displayed on the attic to the exhaust mine, the air is out of it out. This ventilation system works on a natural traction due to the pressure drop in the channels due to the temperature difference, which causes the movement of a warmer room upward. In the cold season exhaust system On the natural line can provide 1,5- 2-fold air exchange in 1 hour, in the warm time the efficiency is minor due to a small temperature difference and outdoor air.

Artificial ventilation. In public buildings, designed to stay a large number of people, in hospitals, schools, at the production of one natural ventilation is not enough to ensure the proper sanitary condition of the air. In addition, in hospitals and children's institutions during the cold season, it is not always possible to use the risk of the formation of cold air flows. In connection with this, mechanical ventilation is organized, which does not depend on the outdoor temperature and wind pressure and provides under certain conditions heating, cooling and purification of the outer air. Ventilation can be local - for one room and central - for the whole building.

For local ventilation, electric ventilation or exhaust electrical fan, which are installed in the windows or opening of the walls. In public buildings, they are calculated mainly on short-term action. In the audiences, sports halls fans work in breaks between classes, and in a number of rooms with contaminated air - periodically. In production, they function for a longer time. Most often, local exhaust ventilation is used, removing spoiled air, and the influx of clean air is carried out due to receipt through windows and subcords. In rooms with increased air pollution (kitchen, toilets) only exhaust fans are installed.

However, local ventilation has certain disadvantages. When using the supply system in winter, cold air indoors are formed in winter, the work of the ventilation

Fig. 4.6. The diagram of the inflorescence of o-exhaust artificial central ventilation.

ditch is often accompanied by significant noise, they spoil appearance premises. The most modern type of local ventilation is installations for air conditioning.

Central ventilation is calculated on the exchange of air throughout the building or in its main premises, operates constantly or for most of the day, depending on the purpose of the premises, the central ventilation happens to the supply, exhaust flow of the supply-exhaust, combining the supply of clean air with removing damaged.

In fig. 4.6 depicts a diagram of the supply and exhaust ventilation. The outer clean air, for example, from the garden, is closed using fans, sometimes at a considerable distance from the building, and is sent through the channel to the supply chamber, where it is cleared of dust, passing through fabric or other filters. In the cold season, the air is heated to 12-14 ° C, in some cases moisturized and served indoors through the channels in the interior walls. The supply channels end with holes in the top of the walls to eliminate the direct effect on people of cooler air currents, and covered with lattices. To remove a spoiled air, you pave a different exhaust network of channels, the holes of which are located at the bottom of the opposite of the inner wall; The channels are displayed in the attic to the common manifold, from which the air is removed from the fan.

The supply and exhaust ventilation system ensures the predominance of air inflow over the exhaust, which is especially important in the operating departments of hospitals. In shower, toilets, kitchens, as already mentioned, only hoods are arranged. In many buildings, only exhaust ventilation are also arranged for saving purposes with the calculation of clean air through the vents,

In the hygienic terms, the supplied ventilation system is more preferred, which ensures the influx of pure heated and, if necessary, moisturized air, which makes it possible to better maintain normal temperature and humid regimen in rooms.

Currently developed a new, more advanced ventilation system - air conditioning, which allows you to maintain automatically for the time optimal conditions Temperatures, humidity, movement and purity of air. To do this, use central air conditioning installations intended for servicing public buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.), railway cars, and indoor air conditioners for individual small rooms.

In fig. 4.7 shows the installation scheme for air conditioning. The outer air entering the air conditioners is heated or cooled to the desired temperature, moisturizes

Fig. 4.7. Installation circuit for air conditioning.

I - hole for suction of the outer air; 2-accurateness for air intake; 3 - filter; 4 - nozzles; 5 - pipe supplying air into the nozzles; 6 - pipeline for feeding fresh cooled or heated water; 7 - pump; 8 - electric motor; 9 - humidifier cameras.

Why should modern dwelling be effective ventilation? What is the way the natural and mechanical ventilation system is functions? What system should you organize at home? How to choose and order workable ventilation? We will reply on these questions today.

What can ventilation?

My home is my castle. Every year the building is becoming more reliable and more economical. It is not surprising, after all, innovative energy-saving technologies and new characteristics with unattainable characteristics are now developers. And the market is not standing on the spot: inventors, industrialists, marketers and sellers work without downtrend. High-quality waterproofing of structures, multilayer walls, warmed overlaps and roofs, sealed window blocks, effective heating - All this does not give the slightest chance for atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, urban noise, winter cold and summer heat.

Yes, a person learned very well to be tightly cleaned from unfavorable environmental conditions, but at the same time we lost contact with the outside world, now the natural, natural mechanism of self-cleaning air has become unavailable. The man in the streets hit another trap - indoors accumulate and concentrate moisture, carbon dioxide, harmful to health substances and chemical compounds allocated by the person himself, building materials, alloy households, household chemicals. Even in developed countries, the number of autoimmune and allergic diseases caused by reproduction into the dwelling of bacteria, fungi, mold and viruses is steadily increasing. No less dangerous and dust, which consists of the smallest particles of the soil, pollen plants, kitchen soot, animal wool, scraps of various fibers, skin scraps, microorganisms. Dust is not necessarily a guest from the street, it is formed even in a tightly closed non-residential apartment. Last scientific research It was shown that in most cases, the domestic air is several times toxic and dirtier outdoor.

Reducing the oxygen concentration in the room significantly reduces the level of performance, adversely affects the well-being of tenants and their health as a whole.

That is why the issues of ensuring ventilation and air purification have become incredibly relevant, along with hydro and thermal insulation of buildings. Modern should effectively remove stagnant, "exhaust" air in the required volume to replace it with fresh air from the outside, if necessary, cleaning, heating or cooling it.

How do air flows move in ventilated rooms?

As we noted, the composition of the air inside the dwelling is not homogeneous. Moreover, gases, dust, pairs that stand out in the room are constantly moving due to its special properties - density and dispersion (for dust). Depending on whether they are heavier than air or lighter, harmful substances rise or descend, accumulating in certain places. An even greater effect on the inner space is the movement of convective jets of heated air, for example, from working household appliances or kitchen stove. Convective flows, lifting, can entail on them to the upper area of \u200b\u200bthe room, even relatively heavy substances - carbon dioxide, dust, dense couples, soot.

Home air jets in a special way interact with each other, as well as with various objects and building structures, which is why well-defined temperature fields, the concentration zones of harmful substances, flowing streams of various speeds, directions and configurations, are formed into the housing.

It is clear that not all the premises are equally polluted and have excessive humidity. The most "dangerous" right is considered kitchens, toilets, bathrooms. It is precisely because the priority task of an artificial air exchange is to remove the harm among the places with the highest concentration of harmful substances, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe kitchen and bathrooms are suitable for ventilation with exhaust holes.

The inflow is arranged in "clean" rooms. So stronger compared to other threads, "long-range" supply jets, moving, engage in motion large masses of exhaust air, and necessary circulation appears. The main thing is that due to the direction of air precisely towards the "problem" premises, unwanted substances do not fall from kitchens and bathrooms in residential rooms. That is why in the tables of construction standards relating to air exchange requirements, office, bedroom, the living room is calculated only on the influx, and the bathroom, restroom and the kitchen only for hood. Interestingly, the apartments with four and more rooms are recommended premises, the most remote from the ventriculov bathrooms, supply separate ventilation, with its influx and exhaust.

At the same time, the corridors, lobby, hallways, unseasonable staircases may not have a supply or exhaust holes, but only serve for air flow. But this flow should be ensured, only then the deckless ventilation system will function. On the way of movement of air flows become interior doors. Therefore, they are supplied with streaming lattices or suite the ventilation gap in 20-30 mm, lifting the deaf canvas above the floor.

The nature of the movement of air masses depends not only on the technical and building characteristics of the premises, the concentration and type of harmful substances, the features of convective flows. An important role here belongs to the mutual arrangement of points and removal of air, it usually concerns the premises containing both the supplies and exhaust holes (for example, a kitchen-dining room, laundry ...). In the ventilation systems of residential premises, the "top-up" scheme is most often used, in some cases - "from top to bottom", "bottom-up", "bottom-up", as well as combined multi-zone, for example, the influx is up, and the exhaust is two-zone - at the top and bottom . It depends on the correctness of the selection of the scheme, whether the air will be replaced in the required amount, or ring circulation indoors will form with the formation of stagnant zones.

How is the air exchange?

To design effective system Ventilation, it is necessary to find out how many exhaust air should be removed from the room or room of the room and how much to serve fresh. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to determine the type of ventilation system, select ventilation equipment, calculate the section and configuration of ventilation networks.

It should be said that the parameters of the air exchange in residential buildings are strictly regulated by various state regulatory documents. GOST, SNIVA, Sanpins contain comprehensive information not only about the volume of replaceable air and principles, parameters of its feed and deletion, but indicate which type of system should be used for certain rooms, what equipment is used to be located. It remains only to competently explore the room for excess heat and moisture, the presence of air pollution.

Tables, diagrams and formulas set forth in these documents were created according to various principles, but as a result, they give similar numeric indicators of the necessary air exchange. They can complement each other with a lack of certain information. Calculations of the amount of ventilation air are manufactured on the basis of studies, depending on the harmlessness allocated in specific rooms and the norms of their maximum permissible concentration. If for some reason the number of pollution is unable to find out, then the air exchange is considered to be mastered by sanitary standards per person, along the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

Calculation of multiplicity. Snip contains a table in which it is indicated how many times the air of a particular room should be replaced by new in one hour. For the "problem" rooms, the minimum allowable air replacement volumes are given: Kitchen - 90 m 3, bathroom - 25 m 3, toilet - 50 m 3. The amount of ventilation air (m 3 / hour) is determined by the formula L \u003d n * v, where n is the value of multiplicity, and V is the size of the room. If you need to calculate the air exchange group of the room (apartment, the floor of a private cottage ...), then the values \u200b\u200bof L of each ventilated room are summed.

Another important point is that the volume of air removed should be equal to the volume of air supply. Then, if you take the amount of the air exchange indicators of the kitchen, bathroom and toilet (for example, the minimum is 90 + 25 + 50 \u003d 165 m 3 / hour), and compare with a total single volume of bedroom influx, living room, cabinet (for example, it can be 220 m 3 / hour), we obtain the air balance equation. In other words, we will need to increase the extractor to the indicator of 220 m 3 / hour. Sometimes it happens on the contrary - it has to increase the inflow.

The calculation over the area is the easiest and most clear. Here the formula L \u003d s is used * 3. The fact is that for one square meter The premises of construction and sanitary standards are regulated by replacing at least 3 m 3 air per hour.

The calculation of sanitary and hygienic standards is based on a requirement for one person who is constantly staying in the room, "in calm state", was replaced by at least 60 m 3 per hour. For one temporary - 20 m 3.

All the above calculations options are regulated, moreover, for the same room, their results may differ slightly. Practice shows that for one-room or one-bedroom apartment (30-60 m 2) The performance of the ventilation equipment will be required about 200-350 m 3 / hour, for three-, four-room (70-140 m 2) - from 350 to 500 m 3 / hour. Calculations of larger groups of premises better entrust professionals.

So, the algorithm is simple: first we calculate the necessary air exchange - then select the ventilation system.

Natural ventilation

How does natural ventilation work?

Natural (natural) ventilation system is characterized by the fact that the replacement of air indoors or a group of rooms occurs under the action of gravitational pressure and wind exposure to the building.

Usually indoors the air is warm outdoor, it becomes more discharged, more slightly, so rises up and goes through the vent riples into the street. A discharge appears in the room, and more heavy air from the outside through the enclosing structures penetrates the dwelling. Under the action of gravity force, he seeks a book and puts pressure on ascending flows, ousting the exhaust air. So the gravitational pressure appears, without which the natural ventilation cannot exist. The wind in turn helps this circulation. The more temperature difference inside and outside the room, the greater the wind speed, the more air gets inside.

Not one ten years, such a system was used in the apartments of the Soviet construction of 1930-1980, where the inflow was carried out by infiltration, through structures that transmit a large number of air - wooden windows, porous materials of exterior walls, loosely closed entrance doors. The magnitude of infiltration in old apartments is the multiplicity of air replacement of 0.5-0.75, which depends on the degree of seal of the gaps. Recall that for residential rooms (bedroom, living room, office ...) according to the standards, it is necessary for at least one hour a minimum of a single air replacement. It is obvious the need to increase the air exchange, which is achieved by ventilating - opening the submersions, fraamug, doors (unorganized ventilation). In fact, the whole system is an exhaust channel with a natural motion, since the devices of special supply openings were not supposed. The extractor of such ventilation is carried out through vertical ventilation, the inputs in which are located in the kitchen and bathroom.

The force of gravitational pressure, which pushes the air outward, depends largely on the distance between the ventilation grids located in the room, to the top of the mine. In the lower floors of apartment buildings, gravitational pressure is usually stronger due to the greater height of the vertical channel. If the thrust in the ventka channel of your apartment is weak or the so-called "tipping of thrust" occurs, then the contaminated air from neighboring apartments can flow to you. In this case, the installation of a fan with a check valve or lattice with blinds, which is automatically closed with reverse rods can help. You can check the strength of the thrust, bringing a lit match to the exhaust loop. If the flame does not deviate towards the channel, it is possible that it is scored, for example with leaves, and cleaning is required.

Natural ventilation may include short horizontal air ducts, which are displayed in certain areas of the room on the walls not lower than 500 mm from the ceiling or on the ceiling itself. Exteps of exhaust channels are closed with louvre lattices.

Vertical exhaust channels of natural ventilation are usually performed in the form of mines of brick or special concrete blocks. The minimum allowable size of such channels is 130x130 mm. Between adjacent mines should be a partition with a thickness of 130 mm. The manufacture of precast air ducts from non-combustible materials is allowed. In the attic of their walls necessarily insulate, which prevents the formation of condensate. Exhaust channels are outlined above the roof, not less than 500 mm above the skate. From above, the exhaust mine is covered with a deflector - a special nozzle, amplifying air craving.

How to improve natural ventilation? Supply valves

Recently, the owners of the old residential foundation have seriously engaged in energy saving. Virtually sealed window systems from PVC or eurowindows are universally installed, and walls are insulated and steam insulated. As a result, the process of infiltration is practically stopped, the air cannot penetrate the room, and regular ventilation through the windows is too impractical. In this case, the problem of air exchange is solved by installing the supply valves.

Supply valves can be integrated into the profile system plastic windows. Very often they are installed on eurokeshoes. The fact is that the ability of modern wooden windows "Breathing" is a little exaggerated, the tributary through them you will not raise. Therefore, responsible manufacturers always offer to install the valve.

Window valves are installed at the top of the frame, sash or in the form of a valve handle, they are performed from aluminum or plastic, can be different flowers. The supply valves for windows can not only be built into new windows, but also mounted on already installed window systems, without any dismantling work.

There is another way out - this is the installation of a wall supply valve. This device consists of a nozzle passing through the wall, with both ends of the closed with grates. Wall valves may have a camera with filters and a noise absorbing labyrinth. The internal grid is usually manually adjustable until complete closure, but options with automation through temperature and humidity sensors are possible.

As we said, the air movement should be directed towards contaminated premises (kitchen, toilet, bathroom), so the supply valves are installed in residential rooms (bedroom, office, living room). Place the supply valves at the top of the room, to ensure the scheme effective for most apartments, the scheme of the mutual location of the ventilation openings "top up". Practice shows that to remove the inflow into the radiator zone in order to heat the outer air - not the best solution, since the circulation of flows is disturbed.

Pros and Cons Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is practically no applied in modern construction. The reason for the low performance of the air exchange, the dependence of its capacity from natural factors, the lack of stability, hard limitations on the length of the air ducts and the cross section of vertical channels.

But it is impossible to say that such a system has no right to exist. Compared to forced "counterparts", natural ventilation is much more economical. After all, there is no need to acquire any equipment and long air ducts, no costs for electricity and maintenance. Premises with natural ventilation are much more comfortable due to the lack of noise and low speed of the replaceable air. Moreover, there is no constructive ability to mount the ventilation channels for mechanical ventilation, and then decide on their plasterboard boxes or fake balks, for example, at a low height of the ceilings.

Mechanical ventilation

What is mechanical ventilation?

Forced (mechanical, artificial) Ventilation is such a system in which air movement is carried out using any injection devices - fans, ejectors, compressors, pumps.

This is modern and very effective method Organization of air exchange in premises of various appointments. The performance of mechanical ventilation does not depend on changeable weather conditions (air temperature, pressure, wind power). This type of system allows you to replace any amount of air, to transport it to a considerable distance, create local ventilation. The air that is supplied to the room can be specially prepared - heated, cooled, dried, moistened, cleaned ...

The disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include large initial costs, electricity costs and operational services. It is very difficult to implement channel mechanical ventilation in the residential room without more or less serious repairs.

Types forced air ventilation

Best Comfort and Performance Indicators Shows Second Communication and Exhaust Mechanical Ventilation. The balance of the supply and exhaust air is possible to avoid drafts and forget about the effect of "clapping doors". This system is most common in new construction.

Due to certain reasons, it is quite often applied either inlets or exhaust ventilation. Intelligent ventilation acts into the room of fresh air instead of spent, which is removed through enclosing structures or passive exhaust channels. Supply ventilation is structurally one of the most complex. It consists of such elements: fan, calorifer, filter, silencer, control automation, air valve, air ducts, air intake grille, air distributors.

Depending on how the main nodes of the system are executed, the supply unit can be monoblock or dial. The monoblock system is somewhat more expensive, but it has a big mounting readiness, more compact dimensions. It is only necessary to fix in the right place and bring meals and network channels. Monoblock installation allows you to save a little on complete work and design.

Often, except for filtering, the trimming air requires special training, so the ventilation unit is equipped with additional equipment, for example, drying or moisturizing. Energestrium recovery systems are becoming increasingly popular, which cooled or heated the fed air, using electrical calorificates, water heat exchangers or household split systems of air conditioning.

Exhaust ventilation is designed to remove air from the premises. Depending on whether air exchange is carried out of the entire dwelling or individual zones, exhaust mechanical ventilation is local (for example, hood over the kitchen stove, smoking) or a common (wall-mounted fan in the bathroom, toilet, kitchen). The fans of secrets exhaust ventilation can be placed in the through hole wall, in the window opening. Local ventilation is usually applied together with the general one.

Artificial ventilation can be executed with the use of ventilation channels - channel, or without applications are a mustken. The channel system has a network of air ducts, by which the air is supplied, is transported or removed from certain areas of the room. If the air is a mustken system, air is supplied through enclosing structures or supply ventilation processes, then it flows through the inner space of the room into the exhaust opening zone with fans. Beeperless ventilation is cheaper and easier, but also less effective.

Whatever destination was not the room, in practice it is impossible to do with one type of ventilation system. The choice in each particular case is due to the size of the room and its purpose, the type of pollutants (dust, heavy or light gases, moisture, pairs ...) and the nature of their distribution in the total air volume. Evalnamed questions and economic feasibility of applying a specific system.

What you need to know to select ventilation?

So, your calculations show that natural ventilation will not cope with the tasks set - too much air should be output, with the feed, also questions, as the walls are insulated, windows are changed. Artificial ventilation is a way out. It is necessary to invite a representative of the company establishing climatic systems, which will help to choose the configuration of mechanical ventilation.

In general, the design and implementation of ventilation is better carried out at the stage of construction of the cottage or capital repairs of the apartment. Then there is an opportunity to painlessly solve many constructive tasks, such as a ventilation chamber device, installation of equipment, ventilation wiring and hiding them suspended ceilings. It is important that the ventilation system has a minimum of intersection points with other communications, such as heating and water supply system, electrical networks, low-current cables. Therefore, if you have a repair or construction, to search for general technical solutions it is necessary to invite on the object and representatives of the contractor - installers, electricians, plumbers, engineers.

The result of collaboration depends on the correct setting of tasks. Experts will ask "Caverzny" questions that you need to answer. The following circumstances will be important:

The number of people staying indoors.
Floor plan. Need to be detailed schema Room locations indicating their destination, especially if redevelopment is possible.
Thickness and material of walls. Features of glazing.
Type and height of the ceilings. The size of the interpostatic space with suspended, tail, tensioning systems. The possibility of mounting the fishelock.
The location of furniture and fuel household appliances.
Power and location of lighting and heating devices.
Availability, type and condition of ventilation mines.
Features and productivity of infiltration, natural ventilation.
The presence of local exhaust ventilation is a cabinet, an umbrella.
The desired configuration of the supply system is a typical or monoblock.
The need to apply noise insulation.
Needing or not the preparation of the supply air.
Type of distributors - adjustable or unregulated grids, diffusers.
Installation sites for air distributors - wall or ceiling.
System management character - keys, shield, remote, computer, smart home.

Based on the data obtained, the equipment will be selected, the ventilation network parameters, installation methods. If the customer is satisfied with the presented development, the contractor provides him with the working draft of the ventilation system and proceeds to the installation. And we only have to pay bills and enjoy clean air.

Tourishchev Anton, RMNT.ru

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