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n1.DOC.

Typical Technology Card (TTK)
Production of work on the installation of metal air ducts

Internal ventilation systems

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. Typical routing (hereinafter referred to as TTK) developed on a set of work on the installation of metal air ducts of internal ventilation systems.

1.2. The typical technological map is intended for use in the development of work projects (PPR), construction organization projects (POS), other organizational and technological documentation, as well as to familiarize workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of installation work.

1.3. The purpose of the creation of the presented TTK to give the recommended scheme of the technological process to carry out installation work, show the composition and content of TTK, examples of filling the necessary tables.

1.4. On the basis of the TTK as part of the PPR (as mandatory components of the project's work project) are developed working technological maps to perform certain types of installation work.

When binding a typical technological card to a specific object and conditions of construction, the production schemes, work, labor costs, mechanization, materials, equipment, and the like are specified to a specific object and construction conditions.

1.5. All working technological maps are developed on project working drawings, regulate the means of technological support and the rules for performing technological processes in the production of installation work.

1.6. Regulatory base For the development of technological maps are: SNiP, CH, SP, GESN-2001 Yenir, production rates of materials consumption, progressive local norms and rates, labor costs, norms of consumption of logistical resources.

1.7. Working technological maps are considered and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Directory Construction and Installation Organization, as agreed with the organization of the Customer, the Customer's technical supervision and organizations, which will be operating in this building, facilities.

1.8. The use of the TTK contributes to improving the organization of production, an increase in labor productivity and its scientific organization, a decrease in cost, improved quality and reduce the duration of construction, safe performance of work, organization of rhythmic work, rational use labor resources and machines, as well as a reduction in the timing of the development of the PPR and the unification of technological solutions.

1.9. The work of the work consistently performed when installing the supply system of ventilation, includes:

Collecting manufactured ventilation details;

Installation of the ventilation system according to the design scheme;

Complete operation of the ventilation system.

1.10. Ventilation - adjustable air exchange indoors serves mainly to create an air environment favorable for human health that meet the requirements of the technological process, the preservation of equipment and building structures of the building, storage of materials and products.

1.11. A person, depending on the kind of activity (energy costs), highlights heat in the ambient air (100 kcal / hour and more), water vapor (40-70 g / h) and carbon dioxide (23-45 l / h); Production processes may be accompanied by immeasurably large discharge of heat, water vapor, harmful vapors, gases and dust. As a result, the air in the room loses hygienic qualities favorable for well-being, health and human health.

Hygienic requirements for ventilation are reduced to maintaining certain meteorological conditions of air (temperature, humidity and mobility) and its purity.

1.12. The essence of ventilation is as follows: the trim air is mixed with the air of the room and as a result of the heat exchange or mass transfer occurring in the room, the specified air parameters are created.

1.13. Works should be performed, guided by the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

SNiP 3.01.01-85 *. Organization of construction production;

Snip 3.05.01-85. Domestic sanitary systems;

SNiP 3.05.05-84. Technological equipment and technological pipelines;

SNiP 12-03-2001. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. Common Requirements;

SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.

2. Organization and technology for performing work

2.1. In accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 * "Organization of construction production" prior to the start of the construction and installation (including preparatory) work at the facility, the general contractor is obliged to obtain permission from the Customer to carry out installation work. The basis for the start of work can be an inspection certificate hidden work on the preparation of premises to the installation of ventilation.

2.2. Installation of ventilation systems are carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, a working project, a project for the production of works and instructions of equipment manufacturers. Replacing the materials and equipment provided by the project is allowed only in coordination with the project organization and the customer.

2.3. Installation requirements for ventilation systems are reduced to ensure the design parameters of the air environment in ventilated areas. This is achieved with maximum sealing of air ducts and equipment systems necessary sound insulation, proper conditions for operation, repair and replace equipment.

Reducing the timing of installation and assembly work, while maintaining their high quality, is achieved with high industrialization of work, which consists in using standard ventilation chambers, blocks and air duct units ( shaped pieces - Diffuser, confusion, knee, tees, crossmen; regulatory devices - valves, seams, throttle devices; fasteners; suspension; bracket; brackets; flanges) of factory manufacture or made in workshops with appropriate mechanical equipment. In place, as a rule, only collectable parts, applying mechanisms for moving blanks and ventilation equipment.

2.4. Before starting installation ventilation systems The following works are fully completed and adopted by the Customer:

Installation of intergenerational floors, walls and partitions;

Device of foundations or sites for installing fans, air conditioners and other ventilation equipment;

Building structures of ventilation chambers of the supply systems;

Waterproofing work in places of installation of air conditioners, intake ventilation chambers, wet filters;

Flooring device (or appropriate preparation) in places of installation of fans on spring vibration insulators, as well as "floating" bases for installing ventilation equipment;

Device support for the installation of roof fans, exhaust mines and deflectors on the coatings of buildings;

Preparation of holes in walls, partitions, overlaps and coatings required for laying air ducts;

The device of foundations, bases and sites for the installation of ventilation equipment;

Application on the inner and outer walls of all the premises of the auxiliary marks equal to the design marks of pure floor plus 500 mm;

Plastering (or facing) of surfaces of walls and niches in places of gasket air ducts;

Mounting openings were prepared in walls and overlaps to supply large-sized equipment and air ducts and mounted crane beams in ventilation chambers;

Installed in accordance with the working documentation mortgage parts in building structures for fastening equipment and air ducts;

It is possible to include power tools, as well as electrical welding machines at a distance of not more than 50 m one from the other;

Glazed window openings in outdoor fences, inlets and holes are insulated;

Made activities that ensure safe production of installation work.

Acceptance of an object for installation should be carried out by employees of the assembly organization on the act.

2.5. When accepting an object for installation should be checked:

compliance with all requirements for lowering and existing technical conditions;

the presence and proper registration of acts for hidden work;

geometrical dimensions and bindings to the building structures of foundations for ventilation equipment and air conditioners, supporting structures on the roof of the building for the installation of roof fans and deflectors, holes for the passage of air ducts, assembly openings;

correct installation of mortgage parts;

the device of fences of openings, flooring and canopies.

2.6. Loading blanks on motor vehicles on the procurement enterprises should be carried out by the enterprise, unloading on the object - forces of the assembly site.

2.7. When transporting air ducts, depending on their species and dimensions, it should be provided:

for ducts of small sections - containing or packing;

for ducts of large sections - telescopic laying;

for semi-finished products - special packaging.

2.8. Loading and unloading and rigging works on objects are recommended to be performed with the maximum use of mechanization tools using workers that are part of the crew of installers.

2.9. Persons are allowed to work on the rise and movement of goods, people who have passed special training under the rigging program and received the appropriate certificate.

2.10. We should use winches, forklift trucks, truck craners on a pneumatic and tracked, tower and gantry cranes as mechanized lifting facilities.

2.11. The lines of air ducts and ventilation is recommended to produce inventory goods.

The slings should be chosen depending on the type, the mass of the lifted cargo and the method of the lines. The most common slings are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig.1. Slings
but- lightweight sling with loops; b.- lightweight sling with hooks;

in- four-letter slop

2.12. The lifting cargo should be kept from rotation of the peg of hemp ropes with a diameter of 20-25 mm or trap from steel ropes with a diameter of 8-12 mm. For horizontal elements of the ventsystem (enlarged duct nodes), two dehydrations should be used, for vertical (sections of air conditioners, roof fans, ducts, etc.) - one.

The most common sling methods are shown in Fig.2-24.

Fig.2. TPP-40 sling

Fig.3. Locking autonomous air conditioner KTR-1-2.0-0,46

Fig.4. Locking of radial (centrifugal) Fans of execution N 1

Fig.5. Slinger of fans C4-70 N 6-8 versions N 1

Fig.6. The sling of the fans C4-70 N 6-8 of the execution N 6

Fig.7. The sling of fans C4-70 N 10, 12.5

Fig.8. Lowering the top of the casing of fan c4-76 N 16, 20

Fig.9. Lowering the lower part of the casing of the fans of C4-76 N 16, 20

Fig.10. The sling of the shaft with the fan frame of C4-76 N 16, 20

Fig.11. Terminating axial fan

Fig.12. Terminating axial fan

Fig.13. Slinger fan WRC-6,3.30.45.6.01

Fig.14. Locking air-thermal curtain A6,3 STD 729.00.00.001

Fig.15. Locking scrubber

Fig.16. TSN type cyclone

Fig.17. OKF irrigation packaging chamber

Fig.18. Ventaging Drive Packing Slinger

Fig.19. Slinger of packaging wheels and guide apparatus in the casing

Fig.20. Slinger of packaging filter air FR-3

Fig.21. Slinger of packaging valve

Fig.22. Slinger of packaging Cameras CO and VK

Fig.23. Locking air duct

Fig.24. The lines of the enlarged node raised in the vertical position

2.13. The method of installation of air ducts should be chosen depending on their position (horizontal, vertical), placement relative to the structures (inside or outside the building, in the wall, in the columns, in the interferenial space, in the mine, on the roof of the building) and the nature of the building (one- or multi-storey , industrial, public, etc.).

2.14. As a shaped parts of a complex geometric shape, as well as to attach the ventilation equipment, air distributors, noiselessness and other devices located in tailcases, chambers, etc., flexible air ducts from fiberglass, metal-in-room, aluminum foil, etc. Application should be used. Flexible air ducts as direct links are not allowed.

In order to reduce the aerodynamic resistance, the details from flexible sleeves in the mounted position should have a minimal degree of compression.

2.15. Installation of metal air ducts should be carried out, as a rule, enlarged blocks in the following sequence:

marking places of installation of air duct fixtures;

installation of fastening agents;

coordination with builders of location locations and methods for fastening lifting facilities;

delivery to the place of installation of duct details;

checking the completeness and quality of the delivered parts of the air ducts;

assembly of parts of air ducts in enlarged blocks;

installing a block into a design position and consolidation of it;

installing the plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts located at an altitude of up to 1.5 m from the floor.

2.16. The block length is determined by the size of the section and the type of air duct connections, installation conditions and the presence of lifting facilities.

The length of the enlarged blocks of horizontal air ducts connected on the flanges should not exceed 20 m.

2.17. Organization schemes working area When installing air ducts are given in Fig.25-28.

Fig.25. The scheme of the organization of the working area when installing air ducts outdoor wall building
1 - console with block; 2 - winch; 3 - autohydrotype; 4 - Traverse; 5 - delay; 6 - Block

Fig.26. Scheme of the organization of the working area when installing horizontal air ducts in the building
1 - winch; 2 - Traverse; 3 4 - Suspension

Fig.27. The scheme of the organization of the working area when installing horizontal air ducts on the overpass
1 - enlarged duct assembly; 2 - Traverse; 3 - truck crane; 4 - Avtohydrovant

Fig.28. Scheme of the organization of the working area when installing vertical air ducts on the outer wall of the building
1 - enlarged duct assembly; 2 - semi-automatic sling; 3 - winch;

4 - block; 5 - console; 6 - brackets; 7 - Stretching

2.18. In the process of installing air ducts should be performed by open control in accordance with the card operational control.

Maintenance of operational control of metal air ducts

Table 1

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Type of control
Delivery of air ducts to the place of installation	Check the completeness of the ventilation system (the presence of control devices, fastening means, etc.)	-	Permanent 100%. Visually. Compliance with components, sketches
Marking of places of installation of fixture of ducts	Fastening step in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85	Roulette 10 M. Plumb 200 g	Permanent 100%
Drilling holes in building structures	Depth of drilling	Meter steel	Permanent 100%
Installation of fixtures	Strength installation of fasteners	-	Permanent 100%. Visually
Assembly in the integrated nodes of parts of air ducts, regulating and air distribution Devices on the site	The correct assembly in accordance with the project. Tightness of the connections	-	Visually. Permanent 100%
Lifting to the design mark and the connection between the enlarged duct units with the preliminary consolidation	The position of transverse seams and detachable compounds of air ducts relative to building structures. Vertical of risers. No fussy, curvature on direct ducts	Plumb 200 g	Visually. Permanent 100%
Reconciliation of mounted ducts and final consolidation of them	Horizontality of the installation of air ducts and compliance with the slopes in the separating areas of the air ducts. Density of air duct coverage clamps. Reliability I. appearance Mounts	Metal meter, roulette 10 m, level 300 mm	Permanent 100%. Visually
Attaching air ducts to ventilation equipment	Correct installation of soft inserts (no proviscial)	-	Permanent 100%. Visually
Treading the action of regulatory devices	Smooth operation of regulatory devices		Weekend 100%. Visually

2.19. Installation of fans should be made in the following sequence:

acceptance of the premises of the ventkamer;

delivery of fan or separate parts to the place of installation;

installation of lifting facilities;

slinging of the fan or individual parts;

lifting and horizontal movement of the fan to the installation site;

installing the fan (fan assembly) on support structures (foundation, platform, brackets);

checking the correctness of the installation and assembly of the fan;

fixing the fan to supporting structures;

checking the fan operation.

2.20. In the process of installing fans, playback must be performed in accordance with operational control cards.

Map of operational monitoring of centrifugal fans

table 2

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Type of control
Feeding a fan unit to the installation site	Checking availability and quality of component parts	-
Installing the frame on the stand. Installation of vibration insulators under the frame	Horizontal foundation, frame	Level 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Installation of fans on a frame with vibrationproofers	Vertical pulley, horizontal shaft	Plumb 200 g	Permanent 100%
Assembling fans on the frame: Installation of fan bed Installing the bottom of the fan housing Installing a turbine with a fastening of her beds to the frame Installing entrance Pipe	Fastening strength. Clearance between the edge of the front disc of the impeller and the edge of the inlet nozzle. Fastening strength	- Rule	Visually. Permanent 100%
Installation of the top of the casing and connection on the flanges of individual parts of the fan housing	Tightness of the compound	-	Visually. Permanent 100%
Adjustment and final fastening of vibration insulators on the frame	Uniform precipitation of vibration insulators. The strength of the fastening of vibration insulators to the frame	-	Visually. Permanent 100%
Balancing of the turbine before launching	Correct position of the wheel of the turbine	-	Permanent 100%. (when scrolling the risks should not coincide)
Installation of Salace and Electric Motor on Salazki	Parallel Salace. The strength of the fastening of the electric motor to the sled. Motor connection strength with fan. Parallelism of the axes of the fan shafts and the electric motor. Easy rotation of the shafts of the fan and the electric motor	Level 300 mm Cord	Constant 100%. Visually Visually, hand testing
Installing belt transmission for pulleys. Fencing belt transmission	The alignment of grooves for wedge-shaped belts of the fan pulleys and the electric motor. The correctness of the belt tension	Cord (cord tension in the plane of the ends of the pulleys), the meter steel, testing from hand	Permanent 100%
Connecting the air ducts to the fan with the installation of flexible inserts	Tightness of the compounds. Lack of provisions in flexible inserts	-	Visually. Permanent 100%

Operational Control Map of Axial Fans Installation

Table 3.

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Type of control
	Quality (lack of mechanical damage), completeness	-	Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Installing the fan unit on metal brackets. Filling fan	The strength of the support structures. Fit strength fan to supporting structures. Vertical, horizontal	Plumb	Visually. Permanent 100%
Verification of fan work	The gap between the ends of the blades and the shells. Correct direction and ease of rotation of the impeller	Rule	Permanent 100%. Visually, hand testing

Map of operational installation of roof fans
Table 4.

Fit fan complete with electric motor to installation site	Completeness, quality (lack of mechanical damage)	-	Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Checking the horizontal of the support flange glass	Horizontal	Level 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Connecting a self-discharge valve to the fan	Easy stroke valve	-	Permanent 100%. Visually, hand testing
Installation of the fan case on a glass with an attachment of its anchor bolts	Fit strength fan to supporting structures. Vertical of the shaft. Ease of rotation of the shafts of the fan and the electric motor. Clearance between the inlet nozzle and the impeller	Plumb	Permanent 100%. Visually Testing from hand Permanent 100%
Verification of fan work	The correct direction of the wheel rotation	-	Permanent 100%. Visually (in accordance with the project)

2.21. After the installation of the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems, previous individual and complex tests are manufactured, which should be performed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.05.01-85 and SNiP 3.05.05-84.

The participation of representatives of the ventilation, electrical installation organizations and the customer in individual tests is mandatory and is issued by the relevant records in the "journal of applications for the scrolling of an electric drive together with the mechanism."

Individual testing of ventilation equipment at idle mode is carried out by an assembly organization under the guidance of the engineering and technical worker allocated for this purpose.

For individual testing of ventilation equipment, the Customer assigns a responsible person authorized to give orders for filing and removing voltage from electrical installations. Starting electric motors When testing ventilation and air conditioning systems is carried out by a representative of an electrical installation organization.

Comprehensive equipment testing is made by the Customer with the participation of representatives of project and contract construction organizations. Mounting specialized organizations together with operational personnel provide round-the-clock duty to observe work and proper operation equipment.

Individual tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems are allowed only after complete assembly and installation of ventilation equipment, installation of fencing of moving parts, checking the state of wiring, grounding and the correct power of the power supply.

Before starting a comprehensive test and adjustment of the ventilation and air conditioning system, you must make sure that there are no people in air conditioners and supply chambers, as well as remove all foreign objects and tools from air ducts, filters, cyclones.

If, in the production of preservation systems of ventilation and air conditioning systems, extraneous noises or vibration of equipment exceeding the permissible should be immediately discontinued.

After turning off the power supply of the ventilation equipment, it is impossible to fit and enter the air ducts, bunkers and shelters until the equipment stops.

After the end of the presets and adjustments, as well as during breaks (termination of work, lunch), ventilation equipment must be disconnected from the power supply.

Typical technological card on the installation of ventilation is compiled for systems forced ventilation, including the network of air channels. Its main purpose is to familiarize workers and engineers with how work should occur on the installation of ventilation channels, assistance in the location of the equipment indoors, the correct distribution of technological processes, which will continue to occur in production and so on.

How to install ventkanals

Most of the work in the installation of air conditioning and ventilation systems takes the installation of ventilation channels.

Industrial ventilation

And this is not strange, because they are placed inside the entire building, if the premises are used for industrial purposes, then it is also large dimensions, plus it is often necessary to install at high altitude, and this greatly complicates the case. As a result, you have to resort to the help of special machines and equipment. Most often it is self-propelled cranes, mobile mounting sites, autohydripes and so on.

The complexity of installation affects the mass of factors:

• The complexity of the designed system;
• Features of the building of the building;
• Surrounding conditions, etc.

To simplify the technological process of installing air ducts, nodes consisting of direct portions of ventilation pipes and shaped parts are made in advance. After installing each node, you need to be checked with data that carries a technological card on the installation of ventilation.

Stages of installing horizontal metal ventkanalov

To qualitatively install the network of ventilation channels, you need to adhere to a certain action algorithm.

Fastening

The first fastening means are installed. It is done with their welding to mortgage details or using a special mounting gun. There are places where lifting mechanisms will be located, prepared scaffolding, tower and so on. On the inventory supports, small parts are collected into the nodes, nodes from Ventscanals are made on the floor big size. Clauses and other mounts are installed.

When the intermediate preparation is over, the nodes are triggered, tights from the rope are tied at the ends of the nodes.

Preparatory work is over, you can start mounting. With the help of special lifting mechanisms, the nodes are summarized to the previously marked places and hang to the attachments. It remains using the flange, attach part of the system to the previously mounted node.

There are other options for mounting air ducts. The method is chosen depending on their position in space, the characteristics of the industrial facility, the surrounding conditions, the location of the air ducts (inside or outside the building) and other things.

If the ventilation system includes air conditioning and air heating, it should be designed according to all items SNIP 2.04.05-91, while providing for the possibility of breakdown and repair, and regulatory requirements.

Main mounting provisions

It is important to correctly arrange the ventilation channels in relation to building structures. For this were developed special recommendationsallowing you to correctly fasten the air ducts of round and rectangular sections. The main recommendations and dimensions are shown below.

The axes of the ventilation pipes are placed in parallel planes, next to which they are mounted. It is necessary to choose the right distance (taken in millimeters) from the wall plane (ceiling, floor) to the axis of the pipe. If channels with a round cross section are used: l \u003d 0.51dmax + 50, where Dmax is the largest diameter Air duct, including insulator.

Ventilation channels

In the case of using channels with a rectangular section, the formula looks like this: l \u003d 0.5bmax + x, where Bmax is the maximum channel width; x - the distance between the outer surface of the pipe and the wall should be at least 5 cm.

It is accepted that for pipes from 10 to 40 cm x \u003d 10 cm, 40 ... 80 cm x \u003d 20 cm, 80 ... 150 cm x \u003d 40 cm. It is important and the distance from the channel axis to the electric pipe. Air ducts with a circular cross section: L \u003d 0.5DMAX + 300. With a rectangular cross section: L \u003d 0.5Bmax + 300.

If there are two ventilation branches in parallel, then follow the next minimum distance between their axes. Round cross section: L \u003d 0.5 (Dmax + d'Max) +250. Rectangular section: L \u003d 0.5 (BMAX + B'max) + x.

In the case when the ventilation pipes are attached under the ceiling, you must also comply with the minimum distance to it. Round cross section: L \u003d 0.5DMAX + 100. Rectangular: L \u003d 0.5Bmax + x. If the air ducts pass through building structures, then the distance in 10 centimeters should be observed.

Connection of air ducts

The network of ventilation channels consists of separate small parts that are connected to each other with the help of bandages, rails, slats, commercial and other connections.

Details of air mainstream

To properly fix the ventilation pipes, you should use working documentation and relevant requirements. If in the reinforcement process, inflaming compounds are used, then the following distances between them are followed:

• When using pipes with a diameter of less than 400 mm, the distance must be no more than 4 meters;
• If the diameter is 400 mm and more, then the distance becomes up to 3 meters.

When installing air ducts in a horizontal position with a circular cross section of the diameter of which up to 2000 mm or rectangular with a side up to 2000 mm, the distance between the attachments is received by no more than 6 meters.

If the pipes are installed in a vertical position, then the distance between the fasteners is up to 4 meters.

Mounting design

Before installing the highway for ventilation, it is necessary to make an assembly design. It consists of several main stages.

Aksonometric scheme

At the first stage, the axonometric scheme of the system is drawn, then the network of air channels is divided into separate parts. Next, you should choose a method for connecting small components between yourself and with larger nodes. Places are determined where fasteners will be located in the future. Sketches of non-standard details are also made, where all the necessary sizes are indicated for their manufacture. And in the end documents are drawn up for mounting design:

• Drawings of non-standard parts;
• Accidentometric scheme;
• Packing Vedomosti.

Depending on the region where the installation of the ventilation system will depend on the set of necessary documents. But those three that were listed above will always be present.

Installation of air ducts on an industrial facility

Typical Technology Card (TTK)

Installation of cooling systems. Installation of split systems, fancoings and chillers

1 AREA OF USE

The typical technological card is designed to install the cooling systems, split-systems, fancois and chillers.

General

Autonomous air conditioner is an assembly with a built-in refrigeration machine. Such aggregates assume installation directly indoors.

Local air conditioners include split systems consisting of an external block, which includes a compressor-condenser unit, and an internal evaporative unit. The internal unit is installed directly in the air-conditioned room. It is intended for cooling, heating and filtering air, as well as the creation of the necessary mobility of air flow.

The advantages of split-systems include simplicity of design and low labor costs during installation; The disadvantages are circulation without mixing fresh air to the room. Only high-power models allow you to organize a small amount of fresh air (up to 10%).

The external unit can be installed on the wall of the building, on the roof, in the attic, etc., that is, where the heated capacitor can be blown in air to a lower temperature. The indoor unit can be mounted on the wall, on the floor, on the ceiling, behind the suspended ceiling (cassette type), as well as to be decorated in the form of columns-cabinets with dimensions up to 500x800x400 mm.

Wider capabilities have air conditioners split-systems with supply ventilation. Such a system is designed to be installed in places when fresh air is required.

With a significant number of served premises, the application of the system with chillers and fancakes is recommended. Chiller is a refrigeration machine designed to reduce the temperature of the fluid, which under pressure of the pump is supplied to the air conditioner-closer (fancoil) installed indoors. In this case, the air of the room is cooled or heated.

Features of installation of cooling systems of systems

air conditioning (SLE)

General information about the installations of cooling SLE

Among the processes carried out in air conditioners, one of the most important is the process of cooling the air. To implement this process are used refrigeration plants (Hu). Refrigeration facilities are treated as serving SD subsystems that produce "cold".

The most common Hu, working as part of the SC, are compressor refrigeration units. These settings consist of the following main elements: compressor, condenser, thermostatic valve (or capillary tube), evaporatorand pipelines connecting the listed elements into a closed system in which the refrigerant circulates.

Cooling conditioned air occurs in air coolers,which are elements of air conditioners. Find the use of two types of air conditioners air coolers. One of them is a surface recuperative heat exchanger, according to the internal channels of which the intermediate coolant passes, circulating through the evaporator Hu, at some distance from the air conditioner.

Liquids (antifreeze, water, etc.) are used as a coolant. This cooling option is used, for example, in systems with chillers and fancakes. To another type of air coolers of air conditioners, heat exchangers should be attributed, through the internal channels of which the chladone moves (freon), and the outer surfaces of the channels are washed with air. These direct evaporation air coolers are simultaneously elements of refrigeration and air conditioning. They are used in autonomous air conditioners.

Air conditioners air coolers working on an intermediate coolant receive a cooled cooled in an evaporator refrigeratorFor example, in Chiller. There is a supply and return pipeline for circulation on them Hu and the air cooler of SCB for circulation. Pipelines must have thermal insulation. Insulation prevents the creation of conditions for condensate falling on the surfaces of cold pipes. Coolant pipelines and their insulation complicate installation work.

So, the discharge systems of the SDC are intended to generate a cold, transmission through the evaporator Hu directly air or transferring the cold with a coolant, transfer of the coolant to the air conditioner's air cooler, the transfer of cold from the cooled air cooled and return the heated cooler to the refrigeration machine to repeat the refrigerator.

There are many varieties of refrigeration systems used in SD. Figure 1 are given schemes Air cooling systems.

Fig.1. Air cooling systems that determine the conditions for using refrigerants various pipes

They are presented:

The direct cooling system in which the cooled air is in direct contact with the evaporator Hu;

An indirect cooling system with an intermediate coolant in which Hu evaporator cools the intermediate coolant transmitted then into the air conditioner air cooler, which is in contact with the cooled air.

In indirect cooling systems with an intermediate colaster, five types of execution are distinguished:

An open system with an intermediate coolant and a closed evaporator;

An open system with an intermediate coolant and an evaporator placed in an open-air tank;

A closed system with an intermediate coolant and a closed evaporator, in which the evaporator is in a closed volume, cools the intermediate coolant circulating in this volume, in turn supplied to a closed secondary heat exchanger for cooling air-conditioned air;

The closed system with an intermediate coolant and an open evaporator, the evaporator is placed in the tank, cools the circulating intermediate coolant, in turn supplied to a closed secondary heat exchanger for cooling conditioned air;

Double-circuit or multi-mounted systems with intermediate colasters, which can be performed similarly to one of the listed systems with an intermediate coolant except that there are two or more intermediate heat exchanger in them, and in the last circuit, the intermediate coolant can be directly in contact with the cooling medium in a spray device or similar devices. or similar systems.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of a typical refrigeration unit with an air cooler 1 and air cooling condenser 6 for SLE. The refrigeration unit for SLE, as a rule, consists of two separate blocks: compressor and air cooler compressor and block.

Fig.2. Typical circuit of a refrigeration unit with one air cooler and an air capacitor for SLE:

1 - air cooler; 2 - filter cleaner; 3 - vibration insulator; 4 and 5 - low and high pressure relays; 6 - air capacitor; 7 - Receiver; 8 - filter desiccant; 9 - compressor; 10 - Carter heater; 11 - sight glass; 12 - shut-off valve; 13 and 27 - pressure control relay and condensation; 14 , 15 - body of the solenoid valve with the coil; 16, 17 - thermostatic valve; 18 - regulator of condensation pressure; 19 - Differential check valve; 20 - S1C system; 21 - sight glass; 22 - filter; 23 - Cold launch protection thermostat; 24 - separator liquid; 25 - check valve; 26 - oil separator

Compressor 9 the refrigeration compressor sucks the refrigerant pairs from the evaporator air cooler 1, installed indoors where the required temperature is supported, compresses condensation to pressure and fed to the air capacitor 6 . In the condenser, the steamy refrigerant is condensed, heating air, blowing through it, and the refrigerant goes into liquid state. From the condenser, the liquid refrigerant enters the receiver 7 . From the receiver enters the filter desiccant 8 where removal of moisture residues, impurities and pollution, then passing through the viewing glass with the moisture indicator 11 , it is throtting in the thermostatic valve to boiling pressure 16, 17 and fed to the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant boils, removing the heat from the cooling object (air ishing the evaporator).

Couples of refrigerant from the evaporator through a liquid separator 24 and filter on the suction side 2 enters the compressor. Then the cycle of the refrigeration machine is repeated.

2. Organization and technology for performing work

Features of installation subsystems of cooling air conditioning systems (SLE)

Installation refrigeration equipment Perform according to the project (according to typical or individual project) or the scheme that is attached to the supplied equipment and is described in the factory instruction on installation, operation and maintenance.

When drafting a mounting scheme and an equipment plan, it is necessary to minimize the length of the pipelines of the pipelines.

The sequence of assembly and commissioning works of cooling systems may be as follows:

Installation of refrigeration equipment;

Installation of pipelines and instruments of automation;

Installation of electrical systems;

Testing system pressure on tightness;

System vacuuming;

Refueling system refrigerant;

Starting system;

Adjustment of automation instruments;

Control, registration and output to the operating parameters.

Installation of refrigeration equipmentit is not fundamentally different from the installation of equipment of ventilation systems (SV) and SLE. Specific features of installation are set forth in the technical documentation that enters the object together with the equipment and instruments of the Kipa.

Refrigeration equipment for SLE systems is supplied mainly aggregated - blocks, after installing refrigeration equipment, the connective pipelines are installed: pipelines for refrigerant and pipelines of hydraulic systems. The condition of long-term health of the refrigeration system is the absence of foreign particles, moisture and pollution in the refrigeration circuit. To perform this condition, the refrigerant pipelines are carefully cleaned before assembly. Installation must be performed by professionals that have experience in installing cooling systems. To perform installation work, installers use a special tool set.

Installation of refrigerant pipelines

As a rule, freon pipelines are manufactured from two main types of special copper pipelines designed for refrigeration plants.

1. Pipes with a diameter of up to 7/8 inches (2.2 cm) from annealed copper supplied in bays various lengthswhich are well bend with the help of spring frame or pipe bending. They are well collapsed, which allows the use of the pipeline connection. As a rule, kits from dual flexible copper pipes in thermal insulation are used.

2. Pipes with a diameter of more than 7/8 inches from ordinary copper, supplied by segments of not more than 4 m. Such pipes are difficult to bend, therefore the docking of segments and bends of pipelines are performed by special elements (fittings) and are connected using soldering various solders.

For soldering, silver or copper-phosphorous solder are usually used. They have high tensile strength and vibration resistance. Solders are released in the form of a rod 3.2x3.2x500 mm and rods with a diameter of 1.6 mm. Various solders contain from 40 to 56% of silver. For the ideal tube connection, oxygen-containing fluxes are used.

Pipes are placed on the highway in accordance with the project or the mounting scheme and are mainly located horizontally or vertically. The exclusion is the horizontal sections of the suction and injection pipelines, which are performed with a slope of at least (5%) in the direction of the compressor or the condenser to facilitate the return of the oil.

Fig.3. The scheme of installation of oil lubricants on the upstream areas of pipelines is more than 7.5 m:

but- discharge pipe; b.- Suction piping

In the lower parts of the rising vertical sections of suction and discharge triggers, more than 3 m is needed to mount the oil liner. Figure 3 shows the schemes for the installation of oil linked loops on the upstream areas of pipelines with a length of more than 7.5 m, and in Fig. 4 shows the possible design of the oil lining and its recommended dimensions.

Heat insulation work

Calculation, design and installation of thermal insulation is performed by SNIP 41-03-2003 (introduced instead of SNiP 2.04.14-88 * "Heat insulation of equipment and pipelines") and SP 41-103-2000 (calculation method), taking into account the requirements of fire safety, Sanitary and hygienic standards and design standards adopted in certain industries.

In 2003, NTP "Pipeline" (Software) and OJSC "Heat Procective" (settlement techniques and information base) developed a computer program of automated design of thermal insulation of equipment and insulation pipelines. With insulation technological pipelines various types of insulation are applied depending on technical requirements. Progressive types of insulation can be considered insulation based on foam rubber or polyethylene. Each type has its pros and cons. Positive properties of isolation can be reduced to zero with poor quality installation. Leading producers of foam insulation from foamed polyethylene ("Thermaflex International Holding BV", Mirel Trading, Energo Flex) and Synthetic Rubber ("Lisolante K-Flech") "ARMASLL GmbH", "Wihlem Kaimann GmbH & Co" "AERFLECH INTERNATIONAL CO, LTD", "YSOLIS".

When installing isolation, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. Isolation operation is always carried out on cold equipment and pipelines.

2. When cutting and fitting insulating pipes Apply only high-quality auxiliary tools using a professional islersset set consisting of:

Wooden fixture for cutting and long acute knife;

Templates;

Set of circular stainless knives.

3. Shakes of seams glue with special polychloroprene-based glue at a temperature not lower than 10 ° C.

Fig. 5 and 6 presents the above tools.

Fig.5. Templates

Fig.6. Circular knives

Errors associated with improper insulation installation may result in difficult-scale problems that include:

Arbitrary replacement of insulation marking;

Wrong selection of accessories for installation;

Transition to a smaller thickness of thermal insulation;

Disturbance of the temperature range;

Improper preparation of the system and its surface;

Improper work with glue;

The use of foam insulation to work on the street without additional protection.

Installation steel pipespowered hydraulic system solid supply SLE

Installation of hydraulic cooling systems of the SLE can be carried out by all industrial methodsproviding quality compounds in accordance with applicable regulatory documents. There are three basic methods of connection: welding, connection on the thread and gluing steel pipelines. Compounds weldedsteel pipelines can perform welders if they have documents for testing tests in accordance with the "Rules of Certification of Welders" approved by Gosgortkhnadzor. Welding is made in accordance with GOST 16037-80 "Compounds welded steel pipelines".

Another connection method - compounds on threadwith the help of fittings (shaped parts). The universal set for the installer is presented in Fig. 7.

Fig.7. Universal set for Plumbing Sani Kit in plastic suitcase

The set consists of the following tools:

Pipe cutting pipe cutting diameter to 1 1/4 ";

Fixture for cutting threads with a diameter of up to 1 ";

Plumbing ticks;

Universal corner key Super S1.

Adhesive compounds are used when installing pipelines made of carbon and low-alloy steel (including those having corrosion-resistant coatings - galvanized, enamel, illuminated, etc.) to 100 mm, operating at an overpressure of up to 1.0 MPa, operating temperature from - 60 to 90 ° C and intended for transportation of various substances to which, with the specified parameters, chemically rack epoxy adhesives or fiberglass on an epoxy basis.

Installation of plastic (polymeric) pipelines of hydraulic fooling systems SLE

Currently find widespread use. polypropylene pipes and fittings for mounting the cooling systems of the SC. The advantages of plastic pipes:

Lack of corrosion;

Long service life;

When freezing the pipe is not destroyed, but increase in diameter and after thawing, the former size is acquired;

Good absorption of hydraulic noise;

Low pressure losses in pipes and fittings;

Low thermal conductivity.

For mounting plastic pipelines, various connecting and fastening parts are used. Main ways to connect pipelines:

Contact welding in fool;

Threaded connection with a metal pipeline;

Connection on free flanges;

Connection with a cape nut.

Installation of RRRS systems requires minimal time and effort. The technology of coupling welding allows you to quickly ensure the durability of the sealed connection. The reliability of welded joints is the highest compared to other methods and is approaching the strength to the pipes themselves, but requires higher qualifications from assembly personnel. After installing the pipelines of the freon contour and checking for tightness of the leakage of various types The system is vacuuming and refueling the refrigerant system using a refueling station or a manometer collector. Depending on the refrigerant used (single-component or multicomponent), refueling can be produced both gaseous and liquid refrigerant. It is always necessary to adhere to the recommendations for refueling the refrigerant in the installation and operation of the air conditioner attached to the supply of equipment. The optimal amount of refilled freon can be determined by the pressure of suction and discharge or overheating in the evaporator.

Features of the installation of split systems, fancocks and chillers

Features of installation of air conditioners split systems

In practice, the installation of small refrigeration units is divided into standard and non-standard. Under standardit is implied by mounting with the length of the refrigerant's length of up to 5 m, the diameter of the suction line up to 16 mm, the location of the connection and control panel at a distance of up to two meters from the unit, with one air cooler, without a remote capacitor and oil liner and the availability of the necessary power.

Standard installation includes:

Delivery of equipment;

Installing units on the wall on specially prepared brackets;

Punching of one hole for connecting communications;

Running track up to 5 m long without oil liner;

Electrical connections and connections of system pipelines;

Checking system for tightness (pressure and vacuum);

Refreshing chladone;

Commissioning works.

Under non-standardinstallation implies installation with the additional requirements of the customer. For example, the installation of a remote capacitor, the presence of two or more air coolers, an increase in the total pipeline length is greater than 5 m, laying pipelines through several walls (partitions), laying pipelines in decorative boxes etc.

The split system consists of two separate blocks that can be installed at a considerable distance from each other. Internal blockinstalled in the air conditioning room, and external block- on the outside of the building. In the installations of this type, axial fans are used so that the unit does not work normally, there should be no obstacles to the air flows, you need to comply with the minimum gaps specified in the instructions for the aggregate. The prevailing direction of the air should not be directed to the installation. In apartments and small offices use wall-type split-systems. With greater cooling capacity in the rooms of a complex shape - cassetteor canalindoors with glass partitions - ceilingin the halls of restaurants and large halls - column. If the number of internal blocks becomes greater than six, and the maximum distances between blocks reaches 100 m, such systems are called multi-meant (zonoral modular) or VRF systems.

The internal unit, if possible, is set closer to the window or the wall overlooking the street to reduce the highway the refrigerant pipelines. Maximum distance It should not exceed 15 m. On the path of the air flow supplied to the working area, there should be no high object items, and the cooled streaming stream should cover the maximum area of \u200b\u200bthe room. As air supply in cassettemodules occur in four directions, it should not be mounted close to the wall, and all communications are located behind the suspended ceiling, as well as from channel systems; Free space should be at least 350 mm. Internal blocks channel systemsmust be mounted not far from the outer wall, as they allow mix to (10-20%) of fresh air. As outdoor ceilingand cassette modulescompleted drainage pumping, we must try to have them close to the sewer pipelines for drainage.

External blockmounted on the outside of the building on the ready-made mounting bracket near the window, so that there is an opportunity without a climbers to carry out service work. The unit should be installed so that it is well blown out the outer air and is protected from direct sunlight.

Installation of an external block should be carried out on enough sturdy wall on the ready bracketdesigned for weight 80 kg. The block distance from the system must be at least 10 cm.

When choosing a place to install the indoor unit, the following requirements must be taken into account:

It is impossible to place a block next to heat sources and humidity;

You can not install a block near the doorway;

There should be no obstacles to air blowing out of the indoor unit;

At the installation site of the block, a reliable drainage of condensate (drainage) should be organized;

The installation location must be chosen in such a way that there is no direct (straight) supply of cooled air to people;

The distances from the inner block to the walls, the ceiling and gender must be at least certain values \u200b\u200b(Fig.8).

Fig.8. Mounting position of the internal split system unit

Fastening the inner block of wall or outdoor-ceiling type is carried out using a mounting plate and supplied brackets. The mounting plate is attached to the wall with screws strictly by level. In this case, a normal condensate is provided with an air conditioner when operating.

For condensate drain, a special drainage pipe is installed, usually performed from a soft corrugated tube. Sometimes a rigid smooth tube is used, for example, when laying a drainage pipeline in suspended ceilings with small slopes.

Drain is made in the sewage to the street, and sometimes in a special capacity, as a rule, gravity. If for some reason it is impossible to organize the drainage of condensate by gravity, then it is necessary to use drainage pumps. When dragging the drainage through the wall to the street, it is necessary to drill a hole with a slope (outdoor edge below internal).

Stretching copper tubes, control cable and drainage tube through a hole, it is necessary to ensure that there is no breaks, breakthroughs, jams on the drainage tube. It is unacceptable to touch the drainage tube bare, i.e. Unprotected thermal insulation of the gas highway, especially for modules with a thermal pump. When operating the air conditioner in heating mode, the temperature of the gas highway can reach a value sufficient to melting the material from which the drainage tube is made, which can lead to blockage drainage system.

The drainage tube must have the necessary throughput And laid with a slope of at least 1% so that there are no rates and sagging over the pipe.

It is recommended to remove the condensate into the sewage indoor. Before the seat of the condensate, a siphon must be installed in the sewage system, which prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors to the room.

When the air conditioner is operating in the winter in cooling mode, there is a danger of moisture freezing at the outlet of the drainage pipeline. For the prevention of freezing the output section of the drainage pipeline, special electrical heaters or heating cables of the corresponding power can be used. Their power supply should be made independently of the rest of the electrical circuit and constantly, except for the maintenance of the maintenance of air conditioners.

When installing an internal unit under the ceiling, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of removing the filter for cleaning.

Column-type air conditioners are installed on the floor and can be attached to the wall to give stiffness.

Internal and external blocks are combined with copper tubes in thermal insulation.

FEATURES OF MAINTAGE FENKOILLS

The local air conditioning system used for cooling or heating air, with a built-in fan, filter, electric heater and a control panel is called fancoil. Fancois are produced in various designs:

For vertical installation under the window in the case;

For hidden vertical installation under the window without housing;

For the horizontal installation under the ceiling in the case;

For a hidden horizontal installation in a tail ceiling;

Cassette type for installation in a tail ceiling;

Wall, by analogy with internal blocks of split systems;

Cabinet type.

Fancois are installed by groups serving several rooms or floors. Schemes of pipelines of heat boat supply system can be two-pipe, three-pipe and four-pipe, depending on the tasks that need to be solved. Accommodation and installation are manufactured according to the installation and maintenance instructions that are supplied with fancoil. Mounting feature is the correct setting of the hydraulic system using balancing valvesTo ensure the required distribution of fluid on all fancois.

Features of chiller mounting

Chillerit is a complete refrigeration machine intended for cooling fluid (water, non-freezing liquids). System chiller-fankildiffers from all other air conditioning systems in that there is between external and internal blocks It circulates not freon, but water, aqueous solution of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or other antifreeze. Installation is made in accordance with the Chiller Installation Guide, which is supplied by the manufacturer. When placing chiller, pay attention to:

On the uniformity of the distribution of gravity generated by the aggregate; prevent the transfer of vibration to build structures created by the unit when placing aggregates in the technical premises and on the roof, establishing units for vibration insulators;

Around Chiller, it is necessary to provide free space for air intake to condensers, the possibility and convenience of service work, maintenance and repair of the compressor and heat exchange equipment.

The hydraulic connection of the chiller to the pumping station should be performed by flexible connections, passes through overlaps and walls in the sleeves, without connecting pipes hard with structures.

When used as a coolant, water and placing chiller in the unheated room should be envisaged to drain the water during the cold period of the year.

3. Requirements for the quality of work

Tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems An acceptance of their operation

1. Preparation tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems are conducted by the Working Commission for the Program approved by the Customer.

2. Fully mounted air conditioning systems and air conditioning systems are allowed to the presets, together with automation and remote control systems, tested and commissioning in the scope of approved programs:

On air performance, heat and acoustic measurements and a temperature and humidity regime;

On the sanitary and hygienic effect (for experimental and head samples);

On the sealing of shut-off devices and structures, as well as adjustment of the collective anti-chemical protection system.

3. By the time of testing, the following documents must be presented:

Technical descriptions of systems;

Working drawings and change statements;

Presenter note of the installation organization;

Acts on the acceptance of equipment and premises for installation;

Route passports for installation and commissioning;

Acts of revision of equipment;

Acts of testing of nodes and elements of systems for tightness;

Program of individual tests.

4. The pre-test test includes:

Verification of the quality of work performed;

Checking equipment equipment;

Tests and verification of all aggregates in order to determine technological parameters;

Tests and checking automation systems.

5. When conducting pre-test tests must be:

The performance of the fans is determined;

The compliance of the project of air volumes passing through air-discharge, air-acting, air dust and other devices;

Detected looseness in the ventilation system;

The uniformity of the heating of the calorificates and the operation of the nozzles are checked.

6. Deviations on the performance of fans, flow or air volume throughout the system or passing various devices should not exceed ± 10%. The magnitude of the supply or air leakage due to looser for sociable ventilation should not exceed 10-15%. For special ventilation systems, this value is set by the relevant specifications.

7. Systems of ventilation and air conditioning in the project of individual tests are tested together with remote and automatic control systems. The test results are considered satisfactory if during the testing process there was no failures in the operation of automation and equipment devices, and the deviations of the actual parameters of the operation mode did not exceed the permissible. At the end of individual tests, the act is drawn up, and the Working Commission decides on the admission of the ventilation and air conditioning system to comprehensive tests or commissioning. The purpose of integrated tests is to check the availability of the ventilation system and air conditioning to the operation of the entire complex or the calculated technological load. The systems of ventilation and air conditioning are considered to be the integrated tests, if during testing temperature fluctuations, relative humidity and the concentration of harm in the limits established norms. During the acceptance must be indicated:

Digging from the project made in the production of construction and installation work (agreed with the project organization and the customer);

Characteristics of air ducts, fans, calorifers, electric motors, electrical appliances, germoclapanov, filters, the serviceability of them when working and compliance with project data;

Test results, adjustment and adjustment of ventilation systems, made by assembly and appliance organizations;

The quality of the construction and installation work;

The multiplicity of air exchange in each room of structures in all modes and programs; Actual support or air vacuum.

A set of workers drawings and acts of hidden work are attached to the act.

4. Material and Technical Resources

Tools and fixtures for installation and service of refrigeration equipment

To carry out installation, maintenance and repair of refrigeration equipment, the following set of tools, devices and devices are recommended:

Tool for mounting copper, brass and steel pipes;

Device for soldering and welding pipes;

Devices for vacuuming and refrigeration refrigeration;

Devices for determining the place not tightness of the refrigeration system;

Devices for mounting electrical circuit and automation schemes.

When used when installing copper, brass, steel and plastic pipes, various tools are used for high-quality installation work:

Tools for mounting copper and brass pipes;

Tools for mounting steel pipes;

Tools for mounting polymer pipes.

Truborez (Fig. 9) allows you to very purely cut off the copper pipeline of the required length, and when using the knife, it is necessary to process the pipeline (both inner and outer surface) to be treated with a device (Fig. 10) to remove burrs.

Fig.9. Truborez

Fig.10. Fixture for removing sowing with tubes

Fig.11 shows the collapse (elevation) under the nipple compound and the pipeline lifter (Fig. 12) with a mandrel.

Fig.11. Filming

Fig.12. Set of dumplings with mandrel

For flexing pipelines, the pipe bender is manual (Fig.13).

Fig.13. Manual pipe bending

When performing welding, it is necessary to have a welding or solder unit. For pipelines of small diameters, instead of welding, you can use soldering with propane burners. For pipelines of large diameters, a welding unit with an oxygen-acetylene burner is used (Fig.14).

Fig.14. Oxygen-acetylene welding unit

For vacuuming refrigeration refrigerationsystems are recommended to use a refueling station (Fig. 15) or the next set:

Fig.15. Portable refueling station

Manometer collector with low and high pressure gauges, vacuum and hose set (Fig.16);

Two-stage vacuum pump with a vacuum (Fig. 15);

Filling cylinder for controlling refueling or refueling scales. One of the samples of the collector and the methods of its connection are shown in Fig.16.

Fig.16. Portable manometer collector and flexible hose connections

Such a collector has 4 hoses with naked nuts and 4 valves.

For blowing flexible hoses:

A, C, D- open, IN- closed (flexible hose N 2 under pressure) 1, 3, 4 - connected to the collector, as shown in the diagram, but the opposite ends are free; 2 IN- Open, in order to start the purge.

To control the pressure in the contour:

FROMand D.- closed, BUTand IN- open until it stops 1 and 3 - connected, as shown in the diagram; H.and L.- Unscrew until you stop, then wrap on 1/3 turns. Watch pressure.

For contour purge:

BUTand IN- closed, FROMand D.- open, 1 and 3 - connected, as shown in the diagram, 4 - connected by one end to the collector, as shown in the diagram, the other end is free, H.and L. BUT- open at the beginning of the outer purge (through a flexible hose 4).

For refueling refrigerant through the suction housing line:

A, B, D- closed, FROM- Open 1, 2, 3 - connected, as shown in the diagram, H.- unscrew until it stops, then wrap on 1/2 turn, L.- unscrew up to half, IN

To refuel oil through the suction line of the contour:

A, B, D- closed, FROM- Open 1 - connected as shown in the diagram, 2 - connected by one end to the collector, as shown in the diagram, and the other end to the oil tank, H.- Close until you stop, L.- Close until you stop, IN- Slowly open, adjusting oil consumption.

For vacuuming and refueling the contour:

BUTand IN- closed, FROMand D.- open, 1 and 3 - connected, as shown in the diagram, N.and L.- Release until you stop, then wrap on 1/2 turn. If the pressure gauges show the residual pressure, to produce contour before vacuuming, BUT- Open N.and L.- half open 2 and 4 - Connected, as shown in the diagram.

Run the pump and complete vacuuming:

BUT- close, then put the pump, N.- unscrew until you stop, then wrap on 1/2 turnup, D.- closed, IN- Slowly open, adjusting refrigerant consumption.

For definition of refrigerant leakageregardless of its composition, the method of washing or with the help of lactium paper (ammonia or R22, R502) can be used. To determine leaks there is also various equipment. Figure 19 shows a halide lamp, it is used for non-flammable refrigerants during overpressure in the system.

Fig.17. Halogen lamp

With a special addition to the refrigerant, an ultraviolet lamp can be used (Fig. 18) to detect leaks due to the luminescence of the indicator gas in its rays.

Fig.18. Ultraviolet lamp To detect leaks due to the glow of indicator gas in its rays

The device presented in Fig.19 allows you to detect leaks as refrigerants of the CFS and NSFC category and absolutely not polluting the atmosphere of HFS refrigerants (R134A).

Fig.19. Electronic lecturer for refrigerants CFS, NSFs and YRS

The device presented in Fig.20, whose work is based on the principle of gas ionization located between two electrodes.

Fig.20. Ionization targer for refrigerants CFS, NSFs and HFS

To determine faults in electrical circuitsspecialist refrigerators exist toco-measuring ticks (Fig.21), which allow measurement of voltage (in volts) and electrical resistance (in Omah).

Fig.21. Clamp metering

The use of current testers in the module mode allows:

Check indirectly by resistance to windings of compressor electric motors, fan for compliance with specifications;

Detect a closure on the ground in the winding of the electric motor;

Establish the belonging to the terminals of the electric motor to the starting and chassis windings by measuring their resistance;

Identify short-circuited windings;

Check the relay or contactor contacts.

The use of current testers in a voltmeter mode allows:

Check the voltage on the terminals of the electric motor;

Reveal the linear and zero phases, as well as ground wire;

Check the correctness of the grounding of electrical systems; Check fuses;

Detect voltage jumps or wandering currents. The use of current ticks in the ammeter mode allows:

Check the power of the start current;

Check electrical systems increasingly;

Adjust unloading when starting with increasing time;

Check the primary winding in the current transformer;

Distinguish a star connection from a triangle connection;

Check the phase unbalancement;

Check the stream of the stroke rotor for compliance with the data specified on the engine housing.

Refrigerants and colasters

Refrigerator agent (refrigerant)it is a working body of a refrigerating machine, changing its aggregate state in the process of passing in elements of equipment operating both by direct cycle (cooling mode) and in the reverse cycle (thermal pump mode). Selecting heat from the environment, refrigerant boils, moving from liquid to a gaseous state. Due to the endothermic nature of the process, cold is produced. The heat selected in the air is removed from the refrigeration machine during the process of transition of the refrigerant from the gaseous state into the liquid under the exothermic process in the condenser.

The substances used in the refrigeration should have a low boiling point at atmospheric pressure, boiling vapors should not be too large, but condensation pressure is not too high. It must be non-aggressive in relation to structural materials and oils, as far as possible toxic, non-flammable and explosion-proof.

Table 4.1 lists the main refrigerants currently used and intended for use in the future.

Table 4.1.

The main refrigerants currently used and intended for use in the future

Designation		Name
		Trichloromethane
		Dichlorodifluoromethane
		Bromohlordifluoromethane
		Trifluorchloromethane
		Bromthrifluoromethane
		Diftorchloroman
		Trifluoromethae
		Difluoromethane
		Trichlortrifluoroethan
		Dichlorottrafluoroethane
		Chloropentafluoroethan
		Dichloritrifluoroethane
		Chloretrafluoroethan
		Pentafluoroethan
		Tetrafluoroethan
		Dichlorfluoroethan
		Chlordifluoroethan
		Trifluoroethan
		Difluoroethan
		Carbon dioxide

Table 4.2 presents the main physical properties and maximum permissible concentrations of refrigerants that are most frequently used in the SD and recommended for use in the future.

Table 4.2.

Group of refrigerants used in Hu SCV, their physical properties

Chest	Check-room number	Chemical name	Chemical formula	molecule large mass	Gas constant, J / (kg · k)	Boiling point at 101.3 kPa, ° C	Frozenation temperature, ° C	Critical temperature, ° S.
		Ftorotrichloromethane
		Diftoridichloromethane
		Diftorombrommethan
		Trifluorchloromethane
		Trifluorombromomethane
		Difluoromethane
		Trifluoromethae
		Trifluorichlorethan
		Tetraftorudichlorethan
		Pentafluorchloroethan
		R12 (73.8%) + R152A (26.2%)
		R22 (48.8%) + R115 (51.2%)
		Carbon dioxide
		Methylene chloride
		Methyl chloride
		Ethyl chloride
		Methyl formate
		Sulfur dioxide
		Dichloroethylene
		Isobutan
		Propylene

The standard NF E35-400 divides refrigerants into three groups:

I Group - non-toxic and non-flammable refrigerants.

Group II - refrigerants with a certain degree of toxicity.

III Group - refrigerants according to the degree of ignition and the formation of explosive mixtures with air at the lower concentration limit of 3.5% by volume.

The NF E35-400 also specifies the conditions for the use of various refrigeration systems, as well as their location and conditions for gasket pipelines for transporting refrigerants, depending on the group, to which this refrigerant belongs, as well as room categories.

In connection with the environmental issues, the prospects for using ammonia as a working fluid in refrigeration plants of air conditioning systems began to be considered. Ammonia is less harmful to environmentally friendly, affordable and has excellent thermodynamic qualities.

The main disadvantage of ammonia is its toxicity, flavors in certain concentrations and incompatibility with copper.

The use of refrigeration plants using ammonia as a refrigerant must be carried out by enterprises and organizations that have a license to perform this type of work, and projects must be agreed in the Russian State University. It is forbidden to use refrigeration plants with direct cooling (direct boiling of refrigerant in the air cooler) for comfortable air conditioning in administrative and industrial premises.

The refrigerants, with the exception of refrigerants II and III groups, belong to explosion-proof and non-toxic chemical compounds or mixtures, however, when opening with open fire, fluorine and chlorine-containing refrigerants are decomposed with the release of chlorine and phosgene compounds (neuro-paralytic gas).

When a fire occurs in rooms where refrigeration plants are located, you should use insulating or filtering gas masks. With an increase in the concentration of freon vapors in the room, the oxygen content drops and promises, as the density of most refrigerants is more air density and during leakage, it tries to take lower levels in the premises. It is not recommended to fill in more than 80% by volume of tanks for refrigerants.

Claimersthey are an intermediate body, with the help of which heat transfer from the air of the cooled room to the refrigeration agent. The coolant can be water, aqueous solutions salts or liquid with low freezing temperature - antifreeze, etc. Claimers are used where direct cooling is undesirable or not submitted.

Common coolars are sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride salts (CACL), glycolic aqueous solutions. Due to the high corrosive activity of saline solutions, the cost of repair during the operation of equipment is significant, so currently finding solutions of polyhydric alcohols, such as propylene glycol (GG), ethylene glycol, glycerin, which is characteristic of systems central air conditioning. When designing and installing systems with glycolic coolants, their physico-chemical features should be taken into account. Glycols have a smaller molecular size, which leads to the formation of leaks (especially when low temperatures and high concentrations), with the improper selection of gasket material in seals. It is not recommended to use galvanized steel pipes in systems with glycolic colasters.

For first aidwith the defeat of man, the refrigerant should be in the first-aid kit ammonia, valerian drops, drinking water, ointment of Vishnevsky or penicillin ointment, sterile napkins, bandages and cotton.

In case of poisoning by freon refrigerants, before the arrival of the doctor, the victims are carried out on fresh air or into a clean warm room. The victim is given to inhale oxygen for 30-40 minutes, warmed by the heating plates, allow the ammonia alcohol from the sweat and drink strong tea or coffee.

During the damage to the mucous membrane, we have a 2% solution of soda or water. If you get into your eyes, they are rich enough with clean water.

The refrigerant hitting the skin is frostbite. The affected places are wetted with warm water, and then the affected surface is dried and put the ointment bandage.

5. Environmental protection and safety regulations

Occupational safety measures when installing and operating ventilation systems and equipment, air conditioning,

pneumatic transport and aspiration

Work on the installation of ventilation systems in a significant part is made at high altitude. Upper works are considered all installation works that are performed at an altitude of more than 5 m from the surface of the soil, overlap or working flooring.

Workers are allowed not under 18 and not over 60 years old, who have passed a special medical examination.

The safe execution of installation work at the height requires the use of reliable stairs, forests, scaffolds, tips, lugs, etc.

When using metal stairs, their height should provide a work opportunity to work standing on the step, being at a distance of at least 1 m from the upper end of the stairs; At the same time, the worker must consolidate the Carabin of the assembly belt to reliable elements of building structures. The lower ends of the filter stairs must have stops in the form of sharp thickens or rubber tips, the upper - to be fixed to the solid structures.

When making the installation of air ducts with suspended lugs, workers should be attached to safety belts to an insurance steel rope having an autonomous suspension. PVU-2 safety belts are calculated on the maximum mass of the incident man 100 kg and the length of the braking path 0.75 ... 1.5 m. The PAU-2 device, attached to the construction structure with a circuit with a length of about 1 m, allows the worker to move to a distance equal to The length of the brake cable is 10 m. The brake cable is attached to the safety carbine safety belt.

In the process of installing air ducts, it is forbidden to be under the mounted air duct, switch around the farms and other building structures during operation at height, and also work without securing the safety belt. In dangerous locations, it is necessary to secure the safety belt for the steel insuring cable, specially stretched for this.

When installing, the technological sequence of delivery of air ducts and ventilation equipment should be strictly observed to places of installation and install them into the project position without creating cramped conditions in the workplace.

All lifting facilities, inventory and tools must comply with the nature of the work performed and be in good condition. Before installation, the manufacturer of works or master is required to check the lifting mechanisms, rigging devices and register check results in a special journal.

Places of installation of lifting facilities, as well as the fastening of lever winches, tags and blocks to building structures should be coordinated with the general contractor. Without the permission of the construction organization's management organization, the implementation of these works is not allowed.

When installing load-lifting devices on overlaps, it is necessary to arrange the bases for the distribution of the concentrated load on the large area.

Installations performing rigging work must be trained in a special program and have a certificate for the right to produce rigging work.

The sling of the ventilation equipment and the fastening of winches, tags and blocks to building structures should be made in accordance with typical technological cards.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOST 30494-96. Buildings Residential and public. Parameters of microclimate in rooms.

GOST 12.1.003-83. CBST noise. General security requirements.

Avok Standard. Buildings Residential and public. Norms of air exchange.

SNiP 23-01-99. Construction climatology.

SNiP 23-02-03. Thermal protection of buildings.

SNiP 2.04.05-91 * (ed. 2003). Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

SNIP 2.08.01-89 *. Residential buildings.

SNIP II-12-77. Protection against noise.

Sanpin 2.1.2.1002-00. Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises.

CH 2.2.4 / 2.18.562-96. Noise in workplaces in the premises of residential, public buildings and in the residential building.

MHSN 3.01-01. Residential buildings.

MHSN 2.04-97. Permissible levels Noise, vibrations and sound insulation requirements in residential and public buildings.

Manual for MGSN 2.04-97. Design of sound insulation of the enclosing structures of residential and public buildings.

Snip 12-03-2001 Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements.

SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Building production.

GOST 12.2.003-91. SSBT Production equipment. General security requirements.

GOST 12.3.009-76. SSBT Works loading and unloading. General security requirements.

GOST 24258-88. Forming means. General technical conditions.

PPB 01-03. Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation.

Technical information SCS "Stroithechnologist".

Documents DB "TEKHEXPERT".

Electronic document text

prepared CJSC Codex and drilled on materials,

provided by k.t.n. Demyanov A.A. (VITU)

Air ducts and parts of ventilation systems must be manufactured in accordance with working documentation and materials allowed for use in construction. In addition, the manufacture, installation of air ducts and equipment of ventilation systems, air conditioning should be carried out in compliance with the requirements of SNiP 41-01-2003.

Air ducts made of thinly roofing steel with a diameter and the size of the larger side up to 2000 mm, should be made:

Spiral-castle or straightforward on folds;

Spiral-welded or straightforward on welding.

Air ducts made of thin-plate roofing steel having the size of the side of more than 2000 mm, should be made panel (welded, coward).

Air ducts made of metal plants should be made on folds, and stainless steel, titanium, as well as from sheet aluminum and its alloys - on folds or on welding.

Air ducts from sheet aluminum and its alloys with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm should be performed on folds, a thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm - on folds or welding, and with a sheet thickness more than 2 mm - on welding.

Longitudinal folds on air ducts made of thin-plate roofing and stainless steel and sheet aluminum with a diameter or size of a larger side of 500 mm and more must be fixed at the beginning and end of the air duct point with spot welding, electric rivets, rivets or a glove.

Falves on ducts with any thickness of the metal and the method of manufacture should be carried out with a cut-off.

The end portions of folding seams in the ends of the air ducts and in the air distribution holes of the air ducts made of metal plants should be fixed with aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments defined by working documentation.

Folding seams should have the same width over the entire length and be uniformly tightly placed.

In folding air ducts, as well as in cutting maps there should be no cruciform joints of the seams.

On the direct portions of the air ducts of the rectangular section, with the side of the cross section of more than 400 mm, it is necessary to structurally perform rigidity in the form of beggars (ridges) in a step of 300 - 500 mm around the perimeter of the duct or diagonal gears (riga). With a side of more than 1000 mm and a length of more than 1000 mm, in addition, it is necessary to put an external rigidity framework, with a step of no more than 1250 mm. Stiffness frames should be securely fixed with spot welding, rivets or self-drawing.

On the air ducts made of rigidity frames should be installed using aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments defined by working documentation.

The elements of the shaped parts should be interconnected on the ridges, fold, welding, rivets.

The elements of the shaped parts from the metal plastic should be interconnected on the fold.

Ziga compounds for systems transporting air of high humidity or with an admixture of explosive dust are not allowed.

The connection of the plots should be performed:

for round air ducts with a flawless way (nipple / coupling), a bandage compound or on the flanges;

for rectangular air ducts: tire (large / small) or on flanges. Connections must be durable and sealed.

Fixing the tire on the air duct should be made with rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm, self-drawn (in the absence of fibrous components in a movable medium), point welding, with a pouch with 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four. Internal corners of the tire must be filled with sealant.

The fastening of the flanges on the air ducts should be performed by flapping with a thrust zyg, on welding, point welding, on rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm or screws (in the absence of fibrous components in a movable medium), placed after 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four.

Adjusting devices (chiBERs, throttle valves, dampers, adjusting air distributors, etc.) should be easily closed and open, as well as fixed in a specified position.

Air ducts made of non-galvanized steel, their connecting fasteners (including the inner surfaces of the flanges) should be constructed (painted) on the procurement enterprise in accordance with the working documentation. The final painting of the outer surface of the air ducts is made by specialized construction organizations after they are edited.

Ventilation blanks must be equipped with parts for their compound and fastening agents.

2.2. Preparatory work

2.2.1. General provisions

Fig. 1. Slings

a - lightweight sling with loops; b - lightweight sling with hooks;
in - four-letter sling

The lifting cargo should be kept from rotation of the pegs from the hemp ropes with a diameter of 20 - 25 mm or dehablings of steel ropes with a diameter of 8 - 12 mm. For horizontal elements of the ventsystem (enlarged duct nodes), two dehydrations should be used, for vertical (sections of air conditioners, roof fans, ducts, etc.) - one.

The most common sling methods are shown in Fig. -.

Fig. 2. TPP-40 lines

Fig. 3. Locking autonomous air conditioner KTR-1-2.0-0,46

Fig. 4. Slinger of radial (centrifugal) Fans of execution No. 1

Fig. 5. Tripping fans T4-70 No. 6 - 8 of execution No. 1

Fig. 6. Sling of fans T4-70 No. 6 - 8 of execution No. 6

Fig. 7. Locking fans T4-70 No. 10, 12.5

Fig. 8. Locking the air duct

For the entire installation period there must be equipped areas for storage of air ducts.

The device of the attribute warehouse of air ducts must satisfy the following basic requirements:

Located near access roads or railway tracks;

The borders of the warehouse must defend the road at least 1 m;

Be at the minimum distance from the installation object if possible in the zone of the tower crane;

Do not interfere with the production of construction and installation work;

Air duct storage platforms must be carefully planned with a slope of 1 - 2 ° for removal of surface water, covered with drainage sand or gravel, and in necessary cases - have cuvettes;

Passages, passages and loading and unloading sites must be cleaned of garbage, construction waste (in winter - from snow and ice) and sprinkled with sand, slag or ash;

Storage of ventilators should be organized in compliance with the security requirements of work and fire protection;

In the corners of the open warehouse, barrier poles must be installed, warning signs are posted for motor transport drivers and pointers with the name of the assembly control or the site and the location of the cargo acceptance;

The warehouse should be lit.

Storage and storage of air ducts should be organized in accordance with current standards and complying with the following requirements:

Rectangular air ducts should be laid in the stack; Straight areas height not more than 2.7, fittings - no more than 2 m;

Ducts of the circular section should be installed vertically;

Air ducts delivered in inventory containers should be stored in these containers on specially organized container sites. Store ducts and other products in railway containers are prohibited;

Each duct during storage should be laid on wooden inventory lining;

Air ducts in stacks should be placed taking into account the installation sequence: stacks and containers - provide pointers;

There should be passes with a width of at least 1 m between stacks; Every three stacks should arrange passages for transport with a width of 3 m.

Moving air ducts to overlap multi-storey buildings is carried out using lifting and transport equipment or manual transport.

2.3. Works of the main period. Installation

2.3.1. Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems. General provisions

Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems should be made in accordance with the requirements of the joint venture 73.13330.2012, SP 48.13330.2011, SNiP 12-03-2001, SNIP 12-04-2002, standards and instructions of equipment manufacturers, as well as in accordance with fire-fighting requirements of the joint venture 7.13130.2009.

Installation must be carried out by industrial methods from the nodes of air ducts and equipment supplied by a complete blocks.

Installation of systems should be made during the construction readiness of the object (capture) in the amount:

For industrial buildings - all building at a volume of up to 5000 m3 and part of the building at a volume of more than 5000 m3;

For residential and public buildings up to five floors - a separate building, one or more sections; Over five floors - five floors of one or several sections.

Another scheme of the installation organization is possible depending on the adopted constructive scheme.

2.3.2. Installation of air ducts

The method of installation of air ducts should be chosen depending on their position (horizontal, vertical), placement relative to the structures (at the wall, in the columns, in the interfaire space, in the mine, on the roof of the building) and the nature of the building (single or multi-storey, industrial, public and etc.).

As a shaped parts of a complex geometric shape, as well as to attach the ventilation equipment, air distributors, noiselessness and other devices located in tailcases, chambers, etc., flexible air ducts from fiberglass, metal-in-room, aluminum foil, etc. Application should be used. Flexible air ducts as direct links are not allowed.

In order to reduce the aerodynamic resistance, the details from flexible sleeves in the mounted position should have a minimal degree of compression.

Installation of metal air ducts should be carried out, as a rule, enlarged blocks in the following sequence:

Marking places of installation of air duct fixtures;

Installation of fastening agents;

Coordination with builders of location locations and methods for fastening lifting facilities;

Delivery to the place of installation of duct details;

Checking the completeness and quality of the delivered parts of the air ducts;

Assembly of parts of air ducts in enlarged blocks;

Installing a block into a design position and consolidation of it;

Installing the plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts located at an altitude of up to 1.5 m from the floor.

The block length is determined by the size of the section and the type of air duct connections, installation conditions and the presence of lifting facilities.

The length of the enlarged blocks of horizontal air ducts connected on the flanges should not exceed 20 m.

The schemes of organization of the working area during installation of air ducts are given in Fig. -.

Fig. 9. Scheme of the organization's organization during installation of air ducts
on the outer wall of the building

1 - Console with block; 2 - winch; 3 - autoogidpex;
4 - traverse; 5 - delay; 6 - Block

Fig. 10. Scheme of the organization of the working area when installing horizontal
Air ducts in the building

1 - winch; 2 - traverse; 3 - enlarged duct assembly; 4 - suspension

2.3.3. Installation of fans

Installation of fans should be made in the following sequence:

Acceptance of the premises of the ventkamer;

Delivery of fan or separate parts to the place of installation;

Installation of lifting facilities;

Slinging of the fan or individual parts;

Lifting and horizontal movement of the fan to the installation site;

Installing the fan (fan assembly) on support structures (foundation, platform, brackets);

Check the correctness of the installation and assembly of the fan

Fixing the fan to supporting structures;

Checking the fan operation.

In the process of installing fans, phased operational control should be carried out in accordance with operational control cards.

2.3.4. Installation of cooling systems

Installation of cooling system equipment should be carried out in the following sequence:

Acceptance of the room or platform for equipment;

Delivery of installation or its individual parts to the place of installation;

Installation of lifting facilities;

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2.4. {!LANG-fd0e785bec6ea747e6a3ba274336c3db!}

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3.1. {!LANG-c010a2a5e8d89a38981a99702d101b5b!}

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3.2. {!LANG-adb7364561ef8dd53392607e4bd4fa0c!}

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