Do-it-yourself wiring in a private house. DIY wiring: where to start designing and a step-by-step installation guide (85 photos)

Recently, capital and suburban construction has become very popular. Many homeowners choose to create their dream home with their own hands, without resorting to the services of firms.

Without electricity, the life of a modern person is unthinkable. Therefore, the electrical supply of the home is the first priority of the homeowner.

People who decide to build a house with their own hands are faced with the need to electrify it. It also happens that electrical wiring in existing housing is in very poor condition and must be replaced.

We will consider all the nuances of connecting a home to the electrical network, installing various types of electrical wiring, and study in detail common mistakes in order to avoid them in practice. Also in the article there will be instructions for putting the wiring into operation and recommendations on popular issues.

General rules for connecting to the mains

Regardless of whether you want to connect to the network new house, or restoring the electrical supply to the old one (for example, with a complete change of wiring), you will have to undergo a lot of bureaucratic procedures. To obtain a permit you need:

Registration of technical specifications ( technical conditions) ... To do this, you should contact the power supply of your settlement and a resource supplying organization in charge of the power grids of your region). Preliminarily specify what package of documents each of the organizations will require together with the application. You will also need to write a statement in the prescribed form.
Project creation... It is carried out either by the resource-using organization or by a licensed commercial firm. Subsequently, you will need to coordinate the project with the organizations where you applied for connecting the house.
Object connection... The installation work itself is usually carried out by the power supply organization. If they did not connect the house, you will need to provide there a copy of the license (permission to perform certain work) of the company that carried out the installation and a complete list of the work performed.
Acceptance tests... The elements electrical installation need testing, which is carried out by a special laboratory. Upon completion of the procedure, the laboratory issues a protocol containing data on the parameters of the equipment and a conclusion on its suitability for use.
Verification and sealing... The electricity meter must be verified and sealed by the power supply company. There is also issued a permit for the further operation of the meter.
Conclusion of a contract... At the conclusion of all these procedures, it is necessary to provide a package of documents to the resource supplying organization, obtain permission to use its services and conclude an agreement under which the facility will be supplied with electricity and payment for the consumed resource will be made.

It is best to start installing wiring in a private house with your own hands with a principled electrical circuit... This will greatly facilitate further calculations of consumables and the determination of the installation locations of the power elements.

The following elements should be included in the wiring diagram:

Supply from the nearest support to the input switchboard
Electricity meter
Introductory RCD / switch
Internal electrical panel with consumer groups:
- Socket group
- Lighting
- Power group (current household appliances (boiler, washing machine, machine tools)
- Hozblok (garage, basement)

Diagram of how to properly conduct and make electrical wiring in a private house with your own hands:

Separate RCDs / automatic devices are installed for each of these groups.

Also, when drawing up a diagram, you need to have a general plan of the house, on which to mark the direction of laying the cables and the location of the sockets and switches.

It is good if the wiring has two separate circuits. Then it will be possible to disconnect one for repairs, and power the necessary lighting or soldering equipment from the second.

Based on these data, circuit diagram, the total length of the cable is calculated, the required cross-section in each case, the location of the power elements, metering devices, the place of entry of the supply cables.

What is required

Let's try to figure out how to make and conduct electrical wiring in a private house yourself. In order to carry out high-quality electrical wiring in the house that meets all SNIPs and safety standards, you will need the following materials and tools.

Expendable materials

Electricity meter
RCD, automatic machine or difavtomat
Cable of various cross-sections (power, low-current, lighting)
Junction boxes
Terminal blocks (better to take screwless)
Switches
Sockets
Alabaster mortar for fixing the cable in the groove
Socket boxes
Self-tapping screws, screws
Boxes for open wiring
Skirting boards, if the wire will be laid under them
Electrical board
Tin straps or plastic fasteners

Required tools

Wall cutter (grinder with diamond discs)
Chisel assembly
Hammer
Cable cutter
Putty knife
Emery float
Pliers
Roulette
Screwdriver

The cable is selected based on the total load. On average, this is 0.5-0.9 square millimeters per 1 kW of power. It is best to use copper stranded wire. He is better twisting, elastic, stable to short-term loads.

The number of sockets, switches and other elements is calculated when drawing up a schematic diagram. It is better to take boxes and boxes from self-extinguishing or non-combustible materials.

Concealed wiring is best done under the skirting board, and not in the strobe. This position of the cable excludes getting into it with a drill or a nail during repair work, there is access to it and it is possible to check or reconnect.

How to correctly make and conduct electrical wiring in a private house with your own hands:

Step-by-step installation instructions

V different houses recommended different type wiring. In wooden buildings, open-type wiring is most often done, and in concrete structures with many technological voids, hidden. Consider the nuances of installing and conducting electrical wiring in a private house with your own hands.

Open (outdoor)

Often used in suburban areas wooden houses... It can be made both in special boxes, under the skirting boards, and in "retro-style", from a special cable and on porcelain insulators, fixing vertical elements.

To spend in the house open wiring, necessary:

Calculate the length and cross-section of each type of cable: power, lighting and low-current
Create electrical circuit diagram
Use flat wire brands APRV, APR, APPV
Make a marking of the cable route and fastening of the installation elements. Remember that the distance from doors and windows must be at least 10 cm, from the ceiling - at least 20 cm. The mounting height of switches and sockets is about 80 cm, but no more than 150 from the floor.
Secure the cable to the walls with tin strips or plastic fasteners, eliminating sagging.
Fasten junction and installation boxes
Switch the connections according to the scheme: put the wires in the boxes with a margin of 70-100 mm and connect them
Install in the locations indicated on the diagram for sockets and switches
Connect wires to them

Closed

Mounting is somewhat more difficult. To hide cables in walls, you need to:

Mark the walls with a marking cord
Using a grinder, cut grooves 2x2 cm in the walls
Use a wall chaser to cut out places for the installation of junction boxes, switches and sockets
Install boxes and sockets. Fix them with asbestos or screws and dowels
Prime grooves
Lay the cable in them. First, it must be cut into pieces of the desired length.
Fix it in the groove with plaster. Fixing step - about 40 cm
After 20-25 hours, when the plaster is completely dry, clean it
Install switches and sockets

These are all the simple steps required to electrify your home with your own hands.

A step-by-step video instruction on how to do electrical wiring in a private house with your own hands:

Fittings installation

In the now fashionable retro wiring of the open type, fittings can be very diverse. In addition to switches and sockets, porcelain rollers-insulators are used there. Fasten each of the accessories at a distance:

Insulator rollers: 10-12 centimeters apart
Single-core twisted wire - 1 centimeter from the wall
Sockets: not lower than 35-40 centimeters from the floor and not lower than 15 cm from the kitchen table
Switches - 50 to 150 centimeters from the floor

Do not install switches and sockets on the same level. This rule also applies to hidden wiring.

Safety rules, mistakes and ways to avoid them

Sometimes homeowners neglect certain nuances or make inattentive mistakes that can seriously affect fire safety. We will look at the most common of these mistakes and how to avoid them.

Aluminum wires... They should never be used. They are fragile and can break off when you replace the outlet or switch. Better to pay more, but take copper ones.
It is forbidden to use stranded wires in hidden wiring.... The terminal does not hold such a cable very well, therefore a constant heating point is created. Doing so can damage the outlet / switch and cause a fire.
Do not connect wires of different metals directly to each other... To avoid oxides, do this only through the terminal to eliminate possible metal contact.
Waterproofing... It cannot be neglected in rooms with high humidity: bathrooms, kitchens, storerooms, terraces. Failure to do so may result in electric shock.
Mark the length of the wire with maximum precision. Putting twists on straight sections, especially if 10-15 centimeters are missing, is strictly prohibited!
Groove groove... Its depth should be 2-2.5 centimeters. There is no point in running the cable deeper, and it is difficult to plaster the shallower groove.
Junction boxes... They should be located close to the ceiling. This is done for ease of maintenance of the wiring and to avoid confusion of cables for various purposes.
Cuts for wire... They must be strictly vertical or horizontal. Possible savings in the cable during diagonal routing can lead to getting into it with a drill or nail during repair or finishing works ah in the house.
Wire cross section... It shouldn't be too thin. Thin wires cannot withstand increased stress and burn out. For the socket group, the optimal section is 2-2.5 mm, for the lighting group - 1.3-1.5 mm.

And a little about safety. Work with home electrician only when the traffic jams are off. Electric shock can lead to the most sad consequences.

Checking and commissioning

After complete installation of electrical wiring, you need to install all planned machines, RCDs and electrical appliances... After that, feel free to invite a specialist from the energy supervision to check and commission the electrical equipment of your home.

Acceptance tests of your facility must end with the issuance of a positive conclusion on the safety of the performed electrical installation, the possibility of further use of the equipment. With the "Act of admission for connection" you must contact the power supply organization. On this basis, she must connect your object to the support and draw up a service agreement.

You should not save on consumables and tools - because in the future, well-done work will be the key to your peace of mind and comfort.

Make electrical wiring in the house on their own – simple business, but requiring care and scrupulousness... If you approach this business responsibly, the wiring will serve you for many years and will be guaranteed safe.

Source: //elektrik24.net/provodka/v-chastnom-dome/sdelat-svoimi-rukami.html

How to wire the house?

Installing wiring in a private house is a laborious process, but nevertheless, even a novice electrician can do it! If you are determined to independently carry out all the calculation work and have the entire necessary tool, or just want to control a working electrician, then we will consider the whole process from A to Z. To make the technology understandable even for beginners (so to speak, dummies), we will take a step-by-step look at how the electrical wiring in the house should be done with our own hands.

The process consists of several main stages:

choice of laying method (open, hidden);
creating a schema;
marking work;
selection of constituent elements;
main process;
obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid

Using the example of a new house, we will consider how to independently conduct electrical wiring.

Choosing the type of electrical installation

The first thing to start with is to decide on the method of line installation. Today, open and hidden wiring is used. Open wiring is the fastening of all constituent elements on top finished walls(routes are laid in special cable ducts).

Open-cut line routing Use of special ducts Fixing with clamps Wall-mounted junction box

The advantage is as follows:

the damaged area can be repaired without any problems (no need to cut the wallpaper, destroy the plastered walls, etc.);
simpler installation and preparatory work (no need to groove the walls along the electrical wiring in the house);
it is convenient to add new branch points.

disadvantages this method installation:

very often does not fit into the general interior of rooms (cable channels are not very attractive);
open wiring is more susceptible to mechanical damage and, as a rule, has a shorter service life.

Hidden electrical wiring in the house is more popular. This option involves installing the wire in specially created grooves in the walls and ceiling (grooves), as well as in false ceiling, under plastic, in a special skirting board.

Advantage:

does not spoil the interior of the rooms with its appearance;
is fireproof (except for a wooden house);
cheaper (in comparison with the open method of laying electrical wiring);
the likelihood of damage is much less;
high durability of all elements.

Among the disadvantages are:

the complexity of repair and maintenance (in order to replace the electrical wiring in the house or connect a new point, it is necessary to damage the finishing material);
in the event of a failure, it is very difficult to find the exact location of the breakdown, if you do not use special devices, for example, a homemade metal detector;
more complex electrical work.

We recommend that you nevertheless stop your choice on the last method, since it is more durable and the whole line is not striking! With the choice of quality components and the correct installation of electrical wiring in the house, the likelihood of breakdown is extremely small.

Create a schema

In order to draw a wiring diagram, you must first provide for the location of the following elements in a private house:

the place where the route enters the room;
automation (RCD and circuit breaker);
powerful household appliances (for example, a washing machine, an electric boiler, a stove), since it needs a separate power line;
ceiling lamps;
sockets, switches, junction boxes.

The following requirements and recommendations should be noted when creating an electrical wiring diagram in a house:

The wires should run along the walls and ceiling only strictly vertically and horizontally. The rotation must be at right angles. You can also run electrical wiring across the floor if you use a special electrotechnical skirting board.
The place where the wiring is laid on the wall should be at a distance of 20 cm from the ceiling, while the lines go straight down to the places where the sockets and switches are installed.
From doorways and window openings the net should run at a distance of 10 cm.
Switches must be made at a distance of 80 cm (or 150 cm) from the floor, from the side of the door handle.
Installation of sockets is carried out at a distance of 30 cm from the floor, while above kitchen countertop sockets must be installed at a height of 10 cm.
It is not recommended to place switches and sockets in rooms with high humidity (only at a safe distance according to GOST); it is best to remove all the necessary elements outside the room.

You can use one of the following wiring diagrams in a residential building as an example:

It is best to use a photocopy of the plan of your house for such purposes, since this documentation complies with the exact dimensions of the rooms and the location of windows, doors, walls.

After the design scheme is made, we proceed to the marking work.

Layout work

Layout work is the drawing on the walls with chalk or coal of the cable route, as well as the places where its elements are installed. To quickly and evenly make the wiring route, it is recommended to use a rope previously painted in chalk (or coal). Such a rope is correctly called a marking cord, you can see how to use it in the photo below:

All that is needed to create one of the sections is to secure one end of the rope in its original position and carefully stretch it to the end point (so that the painted rope does not touch the wall). After that, the rope must be pulled and released sharply so that the trail remains on the wall. You can learn more about how to make wall markings for wiring from our separate article.

Selection of constituent elements

At this stage, it is necessary to select all the planned electrical products for wiring. We draw your attention to the fact that when choosing materials, you do not need to save money, since low-quality Chinese products very often cause accidents (up to a short circuit), and are also subject to breakdowns.

Two-gang switch Power socket Installation box
Copper wire Cable duct

junction boxes and ducts made of non-combustible or self-extinguishing materials;
open-type sockets and switches (they are easier to fix, while the cost of products is an order of magnitude lower than that of hidden ones);
copper cable (its service life is much longer than that of an aluminum product). In addition, copper conductors are able to withstand higher loads. We recommend giving preference to such brands as PVS, VVGng or NYM;
the cross-section of the cores per socket group is not less than 2.5 mm. sq. (withstands a current of up to 25 A, which is enough for home conditions, although it is better to calculate the cable cross-section for individual conditions of use). For the installation of lighting, you can choose a cable with a cross section of 1.5 mm2, but to connect powerful household appliances, you will have to purchase a thicker conductor - 4 mm2.

Calculation of materials

Be sure to purchase the length with a margin, otherwise, in the process of work, a nuisance may arise when literally 10-15 cm is not enough for you to the end point.

for installation boxes, add 5 cm + box depth to the length;
for mounting lamps, add 10 cm to the length (if an incandescent lamp is used) and 15 cm (if a fluorescent lamp is used);
add 10-15 cm to the length of each segment to connect the wires to each other.

Main process

So, the diagram is there, the constituent elements are acquired, the walls are prepared. Now you can safely proceed to the installation of electrical wiring in the house with your own hands.

For work we need the following tools:

Small grinder with a diamond blade

Rotary hammer with a crown for brick or concrete

Screwdriver

Sharp knife

Master OK
Foam grater

To make the information better perceived, we will provide the entire process of wiring in a private house in the form of step-by-step instructions.

Step 1 - chipping the walls

With the help of a grinder, we cut out special grooves in the walls marked from the meter for the installation of new wiring in the house. The dimensions of the grooves should be as follows: depth 2 cm, width 2 cm). In places for the installation of junction boxes, switches and sockets, we gouge the walls using a puncher with a nozzle (we select the depth and diameter of the gutter in accordance with the dimensions of the products).

You can see how to make strobes for electrical wiring in the house in the video below:

Work with a hammer drill and grinder

Step 2 - Attaching the Junction Boxes

Boxes and socket boxes are installed in round grooves. For their installation, it is recommended to use screws with dowels or a layer of asbestos (about 2 mm). After securely fixing the boxes, move on.

Fixing the installation box

You can clearly see the installation process of the socket box in the following video example:

Master class on mounting a socket box

Step 3 - bookmark the line

The groove for the wire is primed, after which it is necessary to lay the cable inside, having previously cut it into pieces. It is recommended to use plaster for fixing the electrical wiring.

It can immediately grab the track and level the walls. The tacking step is about 40 cm.

We talked about the rest of the ways of attaching the cable to the wall in the corresponding article, which we strongly recommend to read!

Laying the track and fixing with alabaster

Step 4 - Connect Outlets and Switches

As soon as the plaster hardens completely (after about a day), it must be carefully trowelled with a float. After that, you can proceed to the installation of sockets and switches.

DIY socket installation

That's all the instructions for installing electrical wiring in a private house from scratch. We also recommend that you watch a visual video lesson, which reveals this event in more detail using the example of a brick building:

A clear example of all the work

Obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid

When all electrical appliances, automatic devices and RCDs are installed, it is necessary to coordinate the finished wiring with "Gosenergonadzor", which must give a positive answer to the Owner of the power grid.

First, you need to pass acceptance tests (technical inspection of the facility where the electrical installation was carried out). If the result turns out to be positive, you will be given a "Certificate of admission for connection", on the basis of which the Owner of the electrical network must connect your residential facility.

So we examined how the electrical wiring in the house should be done with our own hands. We hope the provided instructions were clear and useful!

Also read:

Source: //samelectrik.ru/montazh-elektroprovodki-v-dome.html

How to make electrical wiring in a private house or apartment

Are you familiar with the basics of electrical engineering firsthand and have repeatedly encountered electricity in practice? Then the new wiring in a house or apartment of a small area will not become an insurmountable obstacle - you will calmly mount it with your own hands. To do everything right, you need to understand the nuances of electrical installation and determine the order of work. This material is focused on covering these issues in an accessible form.

Drawing up a wiring diagram

Let's make a reservation right away: we are talking about a single-phase network with a voltage of 220 volts, which has already been connected to a private house with an area of 100-150 m² or an apartment.

Specialized organizations are engaged in the design and installation of 380 V three-phase power grids for large country cottages.

In this case, it makes no sense to independently undertake electrical wiring, since without a power supply project and agreed executive documentation, the management company will not allow connection to its communications.

So pictured above typical scheme electrical wiring for a residential building includes the following elements (starting from the cable entry):

introductory circuit breaker rated 25 amperes;
electric meter (preferably multi-tariff);
residual current device - RCD, designed for a tripping current of 300 mA;
differential circuit breaker for 20 A, triggered at a leakage current of 30 mA, - to protect the outlet network;
automatic switches with a rating of 10 A for lighting (the number depends on the number of lines to the lamps);
electrical cabinet equipped with a zero and grounding bus, as well as DIN rails for mounting automatic machines and RCDs:
cable lines with junction boxes leading to sockets for connecting household appliances and lighting fixtures.

Note. According to the PUE, the power supply of the bathroom, bath, sauna and other rooms with high humidity must be carried out in a separate line protected by an RCD or a difavtomat with a response threshold of 10 mA.

The functional purpose of the listed elements is as follows. Circuit breakers protect branches or the system as a whole from a short circuit, an RCD protects you from electric shock, and a differential circuit breaker combines these 2 functions.

The latter must be installed on each power line.

To protect home electrical appliances from voltage surges, you can supplement the circuit with a protective relay installed after the main RCD, as the master tells about this in the video:

To make a complete electrification scheme, you need to draw a house plan by hand and place lighting fixtures with sockets on it. Indicate the location of the electrical panel and spread the wiring from it along the walls, marking each pair (phase and zero) with one line, as electricians do (called a single-line diagram). An example of such a sketch is shown in the picture.

Reference. In private houses and summer cottages, the switchboard is usually placed in a technical room, for example, in a garage, sometimes in a corridor. The same picture is observed in multi-storey new buildings. In Soviet-era houses - "Khrushchevs" and "Czech women", apartment shields were massively installed in the entrances, but then the owners began to transfer them to their hallways in order to protect themselves from theft of meters.

Preparation of materials

To purchase the necessary installation materials and determine their quantity, take the compiled wiring diagram as a basis. The control, protection and metering elements located in the dashboard are already indicated on it, it remains to select cable products and socket boxes (switches and sockets themselves can be purchased later). In this regard, the recommendations are:

Use a copper cable of the VVG brand for 3 solid cores and its varieties for electrical wiring. Do not take aluminum and stranded wires (for example, PVA) intended for other purposes.
Copper wiring in an apartment or private house that supplies lighting devices must have a minimum cross-section of 1.5 mm². The outlet network must be made with a 2.5 mm² cable, and the connection of the grounding loop must be made with a cross section of 6 mm².
If it is necessary to draw an outer line from the post to the building, use a self-supporting SIP wire of 16 mm² and special suspension brackets.
For hidden gasket cables, use a metal hose or plastic corrugated pipe appropriate diameter (wires should occupy no more than 40% of the cavity of the protective sleeve), fixed with latches or clamps.
Do not provide many single room outlets in different places, it is better to put a couple of blocks for 4-5 plugs. One group of 5 outlets is enough for a kitchen.
The calculation of the number of junction boxes is carried out according to the diagram below, which shows the correct wiring. A box is placed on each branch from the main line.

Advice. For power lines loaded with installations with a power of more than 3.5 kW, the cable cross-section should be selected according to the calculation. We recommend that you resolve this issue with specialists, since the input machine and the rest of the equipment will also have to be selected individually and you cannot do without a power supply project.

Before calculating the amount of cable products, consider the method of wiring. The best option is to separate the conductors behind the ceiling and wall cladding made of plasterboard, in the floor or under the skirting board. This approach will save communications from damage during subsequent repairs and is easily implemented in one-room and two-room apartments panel houses.

In wooden houses built from timber or by frame technology, internal wiring of an open type is practiced - on insulators or in plastic channels, as shown in the photo. In this case, it is more convenient to lay a network from a flat cable variety - VVG-P. Do not forget about low-current lines - twisted pair for the Internet, signaling and so on, they also need to be wired into rooms.

It is also worth mentioning the retro-style electrical wiring, which harmoniously fits into the interior of any wooden dwelling, including a log one. But keep in mind that the price of components is three times higher than conventional materials, and the installation method shown in the video requires some skills.

Minimum set of tools

To device or replace electrical wiring with your own hands, you will need the following set of tools:

grinder with circles on concrete for making furrows in brick or plastered walls;
a hammer and a chisel to cut the socket outlets;
nippers, pliers;
tape measure and building level;
narrow metal spatula;
screwdrivers with various slots;
knife for cutting cables.

Advice. Instead of an ordinary knife, it is better to use a special tool, whose sample is shown in the photo. It is equipped with a small heel at the end, which allows you to strip the insulation from the wires without damaging the copper strands and is safe for the hands.

Installation of an electrical panel

As a rule, this crucial stage of work is performed by a specialist - electrician. But in a small residential or country house for several rooms, you can solve the problem yourself if you follow the step-by-step instructions:

Mount the box on the wall next to the cable entry. Installation height - 1.5 m above the floor. If necessary, cut a recess in the wall.
Supply DIN rails for mounting the machines and 2 busbars for connecting the neutral (N) and grounding (PE) wires. Insert the external cable through the hole, cut it and connect the "zero" to the bus. Repeat the action with the grounding conductor.
Secure the RCD, meter and all machines. Connect the neutral and phase from the supply cable to the contacts of the input bag.
Carry out the internal wiring according to the diagram, using insulated 6 mm² solid wire. For reliable contact with the clamps of the circuit breakers, put special lugs in the form of a plug on the bare conductors.

Advice. When installing conductors, observe the color markings indicating their accessory. The zero line is indicated in blue, the ground is yellow-green, and the phase is most often brown, black or red.

When purchasing and installing a cabinet for an electrical panel, you also need to take care of the placement of backup machines, which may come in handy later. Therefore, there should be 3-4 free slots on the rail. All the nuances of the assembly of this important organ are described in the video:

How the wiring is mounted

In the past, power grids were laid along the walls before the plastering layer was applied and were fixed with alabaster mortar. Now other methods are used for installation, namely, laying in gates 2 cm deep, cut into plaster or aerated concrete. The technology is as follows:

Using a level and a chopping line, mark the route of each line, starting from the electrical panel. Remember that hidden electrical wiring in the house must run strictly vertically and horizontally, and turn at right angles. Mark the installation points of the sockets and switches.
Make along the groove markings, observing the width of the groove for the single wire - 2 cm. Cut the grooves for the socket and junction boxes.
Install the sockets and boxes on dowels or alabaster mortar. Try to keep it horizontal so that the sockets are level. Do not forget to cut the technological openings on the sides for cable entry.
Primer the gates and place the pre-measured pieces of cable in them and lead the ends inside all boxes. The fixation of the conductors in the groove is carried out with a solution or special spacers with an interval of 40 cm.
Strip the ends of the wires in the junction boxes and make color splice with WAGO terminal blocks or other available method.
Strip the wires in the socket outlets, put on the lugs on them and connect to the sockets and switches.
Check the operability of each line with a multimeter, then connect it to the shield and seal the furrows.

An important point. The lighting wiring is connected as follows: the blue wire (N) - to the zero bus, the yellow-green (PE) - to the ground bus, the remaining conductor to the machine. Phase and neutral from the outlet network are connected to contacts 1 and 2 of the differential machine, grounding to its own bus.

Competent wiring installation implies its laying according to the rules - with indents from the floor, ceiling and doorways indicated in the drawing. In the junction boxes of the socket group, the conductors are switched by color, lighting - in this order:

zero passes the switch and is immediately fed to the luminaire (to the contact adjacent to the lamp base);
the phase wire goes through the switch, and then to the lighting device;
the ground is connected directly to the corresponding terminal on the luminaire.

A pair or three pass-through switches are connected to each other and to the supply cable according to a different scheme. This is described in detail in the corresponding publication. Watch the tutorial video

For any repairs in an apartment, a private house or in a country house, as well as a breakdown of any electrical wiring element, you need to know exactly where the wires pass. Otherwise, this can lead to additional problems associated with finding electrical cables disguised in the wall, or, even worse, getting the tool into a live wire. In this case, it is desirable to have a wiring diagram. But as often happens, it is not at hand, since when buying your own home, no one is interested in this documentation. Therefore, it is advisable to understand different options power supply, since they are standard in apartment buildings.

Wire connection options

A person who understands what awaits him in the process of independently drawing up a wiring diagram or directly performing work on installing sockets, switches and light sources in own apartment do it yourself should know the basic ways in which electrical circuits are connected.

If the homeowner does not understand at all in the field of arranging electrical circuits, then it is better to entrust all the installation work in the apartment to professional electricians who, in a short time, will draw up a clear plan, including even the smallest details, which will save on the purchase of consumables.

Video: cable laying diagram in the house

How the wiring is done

The choice of the scheme should be done with full awareness of the matter. First of all, this is due to the safety rules for the use of electrical circuits. There are three main layout options available today.

The most popular way of wiring is to connect all the constituent elements of the network using junction boxes. This scheme provides for the installation of the shield on staircase in a specially equipped niche, and not in a living room. A device for monitoring the consumed electricity and several bags are located in the dashboard. Electricity is supplied to the apartment by means of a cable, the wiring of which to rooms is carried out using junction boxes.
The wiring diagram in the "Star" method implies that each element is connected with a separate line connected directly to the shield through an automatic toggle switch. With such a wiring, the consumption of wires, physical work and the cost of the project as a whole increase significantly. But after evaluating all the advantages and disadvantages, it becomes clear that all the costs are justified, since the system provides the ability to fully control each consumer separately.
The “Loop” scheme is similar to the previous version of the wiring. In this version, there is only one distinctive feature, which consists in connecting several consumers to one cable. This reduces the volume installation works and consumables, which leads to a decrease in the cost of the project.

In most cases, the wiring diagram provides for a combination of several ways of laying cables at the same time. At the same time, it is very important to think over everything to the smallest detail in order to ultimately achieve maximum efficiency and safety of the electrical circuit.

Standard scheme

It is advisable to translate all ideas for arranging electrical circuits before starting installation work in a detailed diagram laid out on a sheet of paper. At the same time, it is important to take into account the layout of each individual room, which will allow you to calculate the number of distribution groups and elements of the power grid. For convenience, each group can be performed in a separate scheme.

From practice, it was revealed that the maximum efficiency of distribution is achieved by combining consumption sources into several groups, each of which is connected to a separate automatic bagger. Thanks to this technical solution, further repairs and maintenance of the electrical network is facilitated without the need to de-energize the entire apartment. In addition, the connection of all consumers to one line is possible only if there is a cable with a large cross-section, which is able to withstand the increased load that occurs when all electrical appliances in the apartment are turned on simultaneously.

When placing the panel directly in the living room, it becomes possible to connect electrical appliances to separate machines. This greatly improves the efficiency and safety of using the electrical network. But, in this case, why did not such a scheme find widespread use? Everything is quite simple - this option for connecting devices to the AC network significantly increases the costs of implementing the project. Therefore, consumers are divided into the following groups:

lighting group of living quarters and corridor;
supply of electricity to rooms;
electricity supply in the kitchen and corridor;
supply of light and electricity to the bathroom and the bathroom. Wherein this group implies an increased danger due to constantly high humidity;
if the kitchen is equipped with an electric stove, then its connection must also be carried out separately.

To ensure maximum safety of electrical installations, each group must be equipped with an RCD - a special protective device, which is nothing more than a differential circuit breaker at maximum current values. Also, such protective devices must be equipped with wiring in the bathroom and in the kitchen.

After the final formation of the main groups, it is necessary to distribute in which places the consumers will be placed, such as an electric stove, a water heater, an air conditioner, etc. At the next stage, the marking of the installation of switches, junction boxes, lamps and sockets is performed. In this case, all the elements must be entered into the wiring diagram, on the basis of which the number of wires can be calculated.

It is very important that the schematic diagram of the wiring of electricity is drawn up in several copies, one of which must be saved for the future. After all the little things have been taken into account, you can draw up a detailed finishing drawing in accordance with the exact plan of each room.

All installation points of electrical elements are marked on the diagram in accordance with the generally accepted designation system and are connected by lines indicating wires. To improve the readability of the circuit, it is advisable to mark different groups of wires with different colors.

The circuit must necessarily include all dimensions of the premises, distances from the electrical panel to sockets, switches and lighting sources, etc. Such a detailed plan will allow, in the shortest possible time, to carry out high-quality installation work and the calculation of all the necessary consumables, which will make it possible to plan costs.

Video: electrical wiring diagram in the apartment

To correctly make an apartment wiring diagram, you should know some important requirements for laying wires in residential buildings.

The bathroom is not supplied with sockets, except for one connected by means of a transformer for switching on low voltage appliances such as an electric shaver.
It is inadmissible to connect the grounding socket to the zero terminal. It is also strictly forbidden to ground the wiring elements to the battery or water supply. It is unsafe for the tenants of the apartment.
If a stove is installed in the kitchen, connected to an AC network or other powerful consumers, then the main machine must be of a large rating so that false alarms do not occur.
Wiring should be done only vertically or horizontally.
Changing the direction of the wiring can put a nail or drill into a live wire during repairs. It is also unacceptable to cross cables.
It is important that the electrical wires run 15 cm from the surface of the floor or ceiling, as well as window and door frames and outside corners of the room.
The distance from the heating pipes or water supply should not be less than 3 cm. The wiring to the outlet should come from the bottom, while to the switch from the top.

It is desirable that all self-installed sockets and switches are located at the same level. So, for sockets, the acceptable height from the floor is 30 cm, while for switches they recede from 80 cm to 1 m. Naturally, if necessary, these parameters can be changed according to the needs of the residents of the apartment.

How to make your own wiring

To lay electrical wires in an apartment, you must clearly follow the prepared diagram. At the same time, there is a certain sequence of doing such work with your own hands.

To properly connect the wires, he uses three different methods - using terminals, soldering or twisting, which can be viewed in the video. The first two are considered the most effective in use, since they are considered the most reliable and have a high degree of safety, although they are more difficult to do with your own hands.

Video: electrical wiring installation

Which wires to choose

To make the correct wiring in the apartment, you need to buy the right wires. At the same time, a copper cable is considered the best for wiring for the simple reason that it has maximum flexibility, is less brittle and has high current conductivity. It is also more convenient to mount it in contrast to its aluminum counterpart.

In apartments, in most cases, wires are laid with two or three conductors with a cross section of 2.5–3 square mm for sockets and 1.5 for switches and lamps. For more powerful consumers, a separate line is laid with wires of more than 3 mm square, which will allow them not to overheat.

The wiring diagram may well be drawn up and implemented independently. But the responsibility for the quality of its work and the safety of the residents will lie with the person who carried out the installation work. Therefore, at least minimal knowledge in this area is welcome.

Video: how to choose the right cable cross-section

Electricity is a serious and responsible business. If you are going to do all the work yourself, you need to do everything very carefully and diligently. Correct wiring in a private house is a guarantee of safety, because according to statistics, 70% of fires happen due to electrical faults. If you are not confident in your abilities, it is better to entrust the work to specialists, only proven ones.

Action plan

The wiring in a private house is done before the start of finishing work. The box of the house has been kicked out, the walls and roof are ready - it's time to start work. The sequence of actions is as follows:

Determination of the input type - single-phase (220 V) or three-phase (380 V).
Development of the scheme, calculation of the capacity of the planned equipment, submission of documents and receipt of the project. Here it must be said that it is far from always in the technical conditions that the power declared by you will be determined, most likely no more than 5 kW will be allocated.
Selection of components and components, purchase of a meter, machines, cables, etc.
... It is carried out by a specialized organization, you need to decide on the type - air or underground, install an input machine and a counter in the right place.
Install electricity to the house.
Laying cables inside the house, connecting sockets, switches.
Arrangement of the ground loop and its connection.
Testing the system and obtaining an act.
Electrical connection and operation.

This is only a general plan, in each case there are nuances and features, but you need to start with obtaining the technical conditions for connecting to the power grid and the project. To do this, you need to decide on the type of input and the planned power consumption. It must be remembered that the preparation of documents can take six months, so it is better to submit them even before the start of construction: two years are given to fulfill the technical conditions. During this time, for sure, you will be able to kick out the wall on which you can put the machine gun and the counter.

How many phases

V private house single-phase (220 V) or three-phase (380 V) voltage can be supplied. According to the energy consumption standards for a private house for a single-phase network, the maximum consumption for a house can be 10-15 kW, for a three-phase one - 15 kW.

So what's the difference? The fact is that powerful electrical appliances can be directly connected to a three-phase network - electric stoves or heating boilers, ovens and similar equipment. However, the requirements for the input and wiring of the 380 V network are much stricter: the voltage is higher, the more likely to get serious injury. Therefore, if your house is no more than 100 square meters, and you do not think to heat it with electricity, you better conduct 220 V.

Drawing up a plan and getting a project

Having decided on the type of input, you can start developing a plan for the electrification of the house. Take the plan of the house on a scale, and draw where the equipment will be, figure out where to place the sockets and switches. In this case, it is necessary to take into account where which large-sized furniture will stand, and where it can be rearranged, so as not to point outlets and switches in these zones.

On the plan, you will need to apply all the lighting fixtures: chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps, lamps. Some will need switches, some will need sockets. Then you will need to figure out which devices in each room will need to be turned on. For example, the kitchen has a lot of equipment that works constantly. It definitely needs sockets. There is also a technique that turns on periodically. All this is put on the plan, the optimal location of the inclusion points is determined. The same approach is in each of the rooms.

Determination of the total power

Having decided approximately what kind of equipment will be in your house, summarize its power. Average power can be taken from the table: there is probably no equipment yet. Moreover, where available, take into account the starting loads (they are much higher). Add about 20% of the stock to the found amount. The result will be the required power. You specify it in papers submitted for obtaining permission to connect electricity to the site. If you are given the declared power, you are very lucky, but you should not hope for it. Most likely, you will have to invest in a standard 5 kW - the most common electricity limit for a private house.

Breakdown of consumers into groups

All these consumers (this is the term of professionals) - lamps, spotlights, switches, sockets - are divided into groups. An electrician is bred by a separate branch for lighting fixtures. Usually one is enough, but this is not a rule, it may be more convenient or more expedient to make two branches - for each wing of the house or for each floor - depending on the type and configuration of the building. The illumination of the basement floor, utility rooms, as well as the light on the street stand out in a separate group.

Then they are divided into groups of sockets. How much you can "put" on one wire - depends on the diameter of the wire used, but not very much - three to five, no more. It is better to allocate a separate power line for connecting each powerful device: this is more reliable from the point of view of fire safety, and will contribute to a longer operation of the devices.

As a result, three to seven lines can go into the kitchen - here the equipment is the most powerful, too: for an electric boiler, an electric stove, separate lines are needed unconditionally. Refrigerator, microwave oven, electric oven, washing machine it is better to "put" separately too. Less powerful blender, food processor, etc. can be included in one line.

The rooms usually go along two or four lines: in a modern home and in any room there is something to be connected to the power grid. One line will go to lighting. The second will have sockets, into which you will need to turn on your computer, router, TV, phone charger. All of them are not very powerful and can be combined into one group. If you plan to install an air conditioner or turn on an electric heater, you need separate lines.

If a private house is small - a dacha, for example, then there can be two or three groups in general: it is for all lighting devices, the second is for the street and the third is for all internal sockets. In general, the number of groups is an individual matter and depends most of all on the size of the house and the amount of electrical equipment in it.

By the number of groups received, the number of machines on the switchboard in the house is determined: to the received number of groups you add two or four for development (suddenly you forgot something important, or you will need to turn on something powerful, divide a group that is too large or far-apart group into two, etc.). According to the number of groups, the number of machines in it is also selected: for each group there is a separate machine. If the private house is large - on several floors, it makes sense to put more powerful machines on each floor, and connect group machines to them.

Where to put the shield

The place of installation of the electrical panel is not standardized by the standards. There are only restrictions on the distance from the pipelines, it must be at a distance of at least 1 meter. Any pipes are taken into account: water supply, heating, sewerage, internal gutters, a gas pipeline and even gas meters.

There are no restrictions on premises. Many put a shield in: since the technical room, then it is reasonable to collect all communications here. The receiving authorities make no claims. Sometimes it is more convenient to place the shield near front door... If the protection class meets the requirements, there should be no complaints.

Selection of cables and accessories

The standard today wiring diagram for a private house includes two machines. One - the entrance - is installed before the meter, usually on the street. It and the meter will be sealed upon commissioning. The second RCD machine is placed in the house in front of the dashboard. The actuation (shutdown) current of these devices is selected so that the machine installed in the house is turned off first (its current value is slightly less). Then, in case of emergency operation, you will not need to climb under the roof.

If the calculated load is less than 15 kW, the circuit is standard - RCD + automatic machine, counter and further division into groups. With a higher power consumption, it will be necessary to install a transformer, its parameters and parameters of all equipment will be indicated in the project.

Recently, when connecting a private house to the power grid, they require to install a meter and an automatic machine on the street. This requirement is not legally confirmed, it is just that it is easier for the electrical service to control consumption. If you want, you can fight, if not - choose a counter and a machine in a case with increased dust and moisture resistance - protection class is not lower than IP-55. For installation inside a building, the protection should be less - IP-44, respectively, the price will be lower.

Choice of cables

For electrical wiring in a private house, it is better to use cables rather than wires. Their insulation is at least two times better, and therefore the requirements for laying are not so strict, and it is safer to use them. All internal wiring must be done in a private house with. Previously, there were no such requirements, but now many electrical appliances have three-pin plugs and require grounding for safe operation. Therefore, the cable must be three-core.

In electrical cables, the conductors are made of copper or aluminum. Although aluminum is cheaper, it is used less often: it is tough, it breaks more often, and it is more difficult to work with it. With self-wiring in a private house and lack of experience, this can become a problem. In addition, in wooden houses inside, it cannot be used at all.

Determination of the cross-section of the conductors

After you have decided on the material, you can choose the diameter of the cable cores. This is done depending on the planned load on the line according to the table.

Calculation of electrical wiring - the choice of the cross-section of the cable cores is carried out according to this table

The cross-section of the core is selected according to the current or according to the power of all consumers connected to one machine. This is where the home electrification plan comes in handy again, where you have drawn groups of consumers. Consider the sum of the currents or powers of all devices and choose the desired cross-section of the conductors according to the table.

How to use the table? If you decide to lay copper wires, the input voltage is 220 V, then the left part of it, the corresponding column, is suitable for internal wiring. The found power of all consumers connected to the group will be compared (it is easier to find and calculate it). In the part where we are talking about copper wires laid in trays, voids, channels, the column "220 V", find the nearest higher value. Along this line, move to the right until the column “Section, sq. mm". The number indicated here will be the required size of the cores. From conductors of this diameter, it will be necessary to make electrical wiring from the machine to sockets or switches.

In order not to get confused when calculating and laying, mark the cores of the same diameter on the plan with a certain color (write down so as not to forget what color you designated what). After the diameter has been determined for all consumer groups, the length of the required cables for each size is calculated, a margin of 20-25% is added to the found figures. You have calculated the wiring for your home.

Choosing a shell type

There are certain requirements for the type of sheath only when laying electricians in wooden houses: it is recommended to use triple (NYM) or double () cable insulation there. Any kind of insulation can be used in houses with less flammable materials. The main thing is that it is intact, without cracks, sagging and other damage. If you want to play it safe, you can use conductors with enhanced protection. This makes sense in rooms with high humidity (kitchen, bathroom, swimming pool, sauna, etc.).

Choice of sockets and switches

For some powerful devices, the sockets are selected according to the maximum (starting) current. For other low-power consumers, they are standard. You need to know that they are:

Outdoor - when the body sticks out of the wall. It is easier to install them: a substrate is attached to the wall, and a socket on top of it. But such models are now very few people use, even in summer cottages. The reason is aesthetic: not the most attractive sight.
Internal. A recess is made in the wall for the electrical part, it is installed and walled up into it junction box... The electrical part of the socket or switch is inserted inside this box.

It is the internal electrical outlets and switches that are most commonly used today. They are decorated in different style, painted in different colors... They are selected mainly in the tone of the finish, and if this is not possible, they are put in white.

Read how to connect pass-through switches (turn on / off the light from two or more places).

DIY wiring

Modern construction trends provide for hidden wiring. It can be laid in grooves specially made in the walls - grooves. After laying and securing the cables, they are covered with putty, comparing with the surface of the rest of the wall. If the erected walls will then be lined with sheet materials - plasterboard, gypsum plasterboard, etc., then strobes are not needed. The cables are laid in the gap between the wall and the trim, but in this case - only in corrugated sleeves. The sheath with the laid cables is fastened with clamps to the structural elements.

When laying, you need to remember that the internal wiring of a private house is done according to all the rules and recommendations. This is the only way to guarantee safety. The basic rules are:

wiring only vertically and horizontally, no rounded corners or beveled routes;
all connections must be made in;
horizontal transitions should be at a height of at least 2.5 meters, from them a cable is dropped down to an outlet or to a switch.

A detailed plan of the route, similar to the one in the photo above, must be saved. It will come in handy when repairing or upgrading wiring. You will need to be consulted with him if somewhere near you need to groove or make a hole, hammer in a nail. The main task is not to get caught in the cable.

A large percentage of wiring problems stem from poor wire connections. They can be done in several ways:

And still, the most reliable connection methods are welding and soldering. If it is possible to make the connection like this, you can assume that you will not have any problems. Anyway, with connections.

Do-it-yourself installation of electrical wiring in a house requires careful fulfillment of all requirements. This is a guarantee of your privacy and the security of your private property.

After the wires from the machine to the connection point of the outlet or switch are laid, they are checked for integrity with a tester - they ring the wires together, checking the integrity of the conductors, and each separately to the ground - checking that the insulation is not damaged anywhere. If the cable is not damaged, proceed with the installation of the outlet or switch. Having connected, everything is checked again with a tester. Then they can be put on the appropriate machine. Moreover, it is advisable to immediately sign the machine: it will be easier to navigate.

Having finished the electrical wiring throughout the house, having checked everything on their own, they call the electric laboratory specialists. They check the condition of the conductors and insulation, measure grounding and zero, according to the results they give you a test report (protocol). Without it, you will not be given permission to commission.

Installing wiring in a private house is a laborious process, but nevertheless, even a novice electrician can do it! If you are determined to independently perform all the calculation work and have all the necessary tools at hand, or you just want to control a working electrician, then we will consider the whole process from A to Z. To make the technology understandable even for beginners (so to speak, dummies), we will take a step-by-step look at how the electrical wiring in the house should be done with your own hands.

The process consists of several main stages:

choice of laying method (open, hidden);
creating a schema;
marking work;
selection of constituent elements;
direct electrical installation;
obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid.

Using the example of a new house, we will consider how to independently conduct electrical wiring.

Choosing the type of electrical installation

The first thing to start with is to decide on the method of line installation. Today, open and hidden wiring is used. is a fastening of all constituent elements on top of finished walls (routes are laid in special cable ducts).

The advantage is as follows:

the damaged area can be repaired without any problems (no need to cut the wallpaper, destroy the plastered walls, etc.);
simpler installation and preparatory work (not needed in the house);
it is convenient to add new branch points.

The disadvantages of this installation method are one - very often it does not fit into the overall interior of the rooms, since the cable channels are not very attractive.

In places for installing junction boxes, switches and sockets, we make round recesses with a perforator with a crown (we select the depth and diameter of the groove in accordance with the dimensions of the products). Depending on the type of walls, we choose a diamond or victorious crown (for concrete) or a crown for wood and drywall.

You can see how to make strobes for electrical wiring in the house in the video below:

Step 2 - Attaching the Junction Boxes

Boxes and socket boxes are installed in the wells (the so-called round grooves). For their installation, it is recommended to use screws with dowels or a layer of asbestos (about 2 mm). After securely fixing the boxes, move on.

You can clearly see the process of installing the socket box in the following video:

Step 3 - Cable Installation

The stroba is cleaned of dust, stones and other residues foreign objects, primed or spilled with water, after which it is necessary to lay the cable in it. It is recommended to use plaster or alabaster for fixing the electrical wiring. Those who do not want to deal with the solution can fix the wire with dowel clamps.

The tacking step is about 40 cm. We told about the rest in the corresponding article, which we strongly recommend to read!

Step 4 - Connect Outlets and Switches

As soon as the plaster hardens completely (after about a day), it must be carefully trowelled with a float. After that, you can proceed to the installation of sockets and switches.

Obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid

The rules for connecting to the network are described in the RF PP 861 of December 27, 2004 and its numerous editions (updated up to 2015).

The power supply company is obliged to connect to the power grid for objects with a capacity of up to 15 kW, regardless of whether it has such an opportunity. A connection with a dedicated power of up to 15 kW, and a line length of no more than 500 meters, costs 550 rubles. For this money you will receive. After assembling the switchboard, you need to contact the RES and call the inspector to seal it, then the electricians must connect your "box" to electricity - the overhead power transmission line support.

This issue is clearly discussed in the video:

So we examined how the electrical wiring in the house should be done with our own hands. Hopefully provided step-by-step instruction was understandable and useful, and the video tutorials helped to better understand the whole process of electrical installation!

Also read:

It's no secret that electricity has long been an integral part of our life. A full-fledged existence without it is impossible either in the city or in the countryside. That is why the design of electrical wiring in the construction of housing of any type is almost an initial task.

Of course, the installation of an electrically conductive system is an occupation that requires certain knowledge and skills, and sometimes even special permission. However, you can do the electrical wiring in your apartment yourself. All you need is basic knowledge of electrical engineering, adherence to process requirements and safety techniques.
danger, as well as a few more aspects that will be discussed in this article.

- The phase is interrupted by a switch;
- At least one junction box is recommended for each room;
- Appliances such as a washing machine, boiler, air conditioner, it is desirable to be powered from separate lines to ensure the grounding of the case.

Advice: install the sockets so that the devices powered by them are in the immediate vicinity. As for the kitchen, which usually contains several high-power appliances - a refrigerator, a boiler, Dishwasher, - it is advisable to install sockets for each of them.

Tools and materials required for the installation of electrical wiring

After the project is fully negotiated and approved, you need to decide on the choice necessary materials and purchase them. This should be done taking into account all technical features object.

When purchasing cabling and wiring products, opt for insulated copper cables. The suitable conductor cross-section must be determined based on the power consumption of the object. In standard applications, for example in residential buildings, conductors with a cross section of 1.5 / 2 mm for the lighting circuit and 2.5 / 2 mm for the power group are usually used. Due to this feature, these cables are used with a power consumption of lighting devices up to 4 kW with a total power of the remaining consuming elements up to 6 kW.
In addition to cables, you need to purchase junction boxes, switches, electricity meters and protective shutdown systems. If you plan to install open wiring, you will need special plastic boxes, mounting clips, corrugated hoses.

Tip: be sure to check the quality of the purchased products. Do not skimp on materials for electrical wiring: the use of cheap components from little-known manufacturers can end in failure during operation.

Now you need to decide what type of electrical wiring you want to use in your apartment: hidden or outdoor. Each type has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered in more detail before starting work.

Hidden electrical wiring is located in pre-prepared cavities inside the walls. This allows you to hide the wires, protect them from mechanical damage, and therefore ensure safety from fire. The disadvantages include the complexity of the method and the low maintainability of the structure.

External electrical wiring is located on the surface of the walls inside special boxes, pipes or gutters floor skirting boards and fixed by the corresponding fasteners... Among the shortcomings - unaesthetic appearance and vulnerability to external mechanical damage.

Now let's look at each option in more detail.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation using an open method

This method of providing housing with electricity is considered the simplest and most inexpensive. Since all conductive elements remain in sight, maintenance and repair of electrical wiring, if necessary, is quite easy. But this method has some features that limit the use of such wiring in a residential building. These are low mechanical strength and primitive aesthetic characteristics.

You can easily mount open wiring. To do this, use flat wires of the APR, APPV, APRV brands. There are two ways to attach them to the base of the wall:

pre-prepared tin strips 1 cm wide, laying electrical cardboard;
using special plastic fasteners fixed with nails or.

Please note: if the laying of the current-carrying line is carried out on a base made of flammable materials, it is imperative to lay a layer of heat insulator under the wires.

1. When calculating the pitch of the clamps holding the wires, control the absence of sagging in all positions. The clamps should be located at a distance of 50 mm from the corners and places of installation of the main elements of the wiring.
2. Pay special attention to the arrangement of the main elements of the electrical network. They should all be attached to the wall using wood or plastic spacers to provide additional electrical insulation. Select the size of the spacers so that they are not visible.
3. After completing the cabling and securing the junction and junction boxes, proceed with the circuit commutation. To do this, lead the conductors into the boxes, leaving a stock of 75-100 mm, so that it is convenient to carry out further installation work, and connect them.

Installation of hidden wiring

In a house or apartment, hidden wiring is most often used, due to its invisibility and aesthetics. Here are the basic guidelines to follow in your workflow:

The cables should be placed either in pre-prepared grooves or under a layer;
In places where wires cross each other, provide additional insulation with a special insulating tape;
Experts recommend that when fixing the conductors on the wall surface, observe a step of 0.4-0.5 m, and use plastic fasteners or the method of freezing with alabaster for fixing;
Install the distribution and installation boxes in the pre-prepared recesses in the wall using alabaster;
Reinforce the places where the wires go to the lights by installing insulating tubes.

Further work is carried out in the same way for both hidden and external wiring. You need to twist the wires in the following sequence:

Remove the external insulation from the cables inserted into the boxes by about 60-80 mm;
Cut off about 50 mm of insulation from all the conductors inserted into the box;
Use a knife to strip the cable conductors to a metallic sheen;
Twist the corresponding wires together, insulate the bare areas.

The last step of the installation work is to connect all electrical appliances in the system and adjust the circuit.

Repair of electrical wiring: how to do it right

You may need to repair the wiring in the event of a malfunction. This may be evidenced by constant voltage drops, flashing lights and bulbs, which often burn out.

Stock up on these tools:

Pliers, screwdrivers and side cutters with insulated handles;
Wire cutters or knife for stripping wires;
Roulette;
Screwdriver;
Voltage tester;
Drill with special drills or wood (depending on what your walls are made of);
Wires, fittings, fittings;
In some cases, a puncher.

De-energize the mains first. A break or a bare wire found during the repair must be immediately insulated. Use a special electrical tape for this.

The wires at the break point must be twisted not with your hands, but with pliers - this way the contact will be stronger. It is even better if you solder the broken wire, and wrap the solder with special electrical tape. In a small area, it is better to replace the wire with a whole one.

The best option would be to completely replace all the wiring, especially if the old wires are aluminum, and the new ones are copper.

DIY video about wiring

We hope that our tips have helped you in your work. Please ask your questions in the comments, share your experience, tell us what problems arose in the process and how you dealt with them. You may be familiar with new ways and methods of conducting electricity. We are always happy to discuss with our readers everything new in construction and repair with our own hands. Good luck and comfort to your home!

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