Chapter xiii. Finishing work

In this article, you will learn:

What are the standards for interior decoration of premises
What does the rough finishing of the premises include?
What is the final finishing of the premises
What you need to remember when decorating premises

Repair in Moscow must be taken seriously. During the construction of any object, its foundation is first laid, walls are erected, and then ceilings and a roof are arranged. But the appearance of all these structures is rough, the house in this state is not very suitable for further use. The interior decoration of the premises is carried out just in order to make the object comfortable for living. Today the construction market offers a wide range of finishing materials and the latest technologies, which gives you the opportunity to choose the most optimal for yourself.

Interior decoration of premises and its regulatory framework

Some homeowners, with the appropriate skills and abilities, make repairs on their own. Others prefer to contact experienced craftsmen... However, in both cases, you need to know the key requirements for interior decoration. They are spelled out in special regulatory documents - SP (Code of Rules). All work carried out within the framework of finishing the premises must comply with the established standards and in no case deviate from them.

Regulatory documentation has been developed with requirements for each type and type of finishing work. You need to follow the rules written in it if:

you are going to erect a building or structure;
in your plans, the reconstruction of existing premises or the alteration of a certain part;
you are going to carry out restoration of your object.

The main emphasis in these regulations is made on ensuring safety.

There is the Law of the Russian Federation No. 384-F3 dated 12/30/2009 “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”. This is the main normative act, the fulfillment of the conditions of which is mandatory for all construction organizations.

Note that the interior decoration of the premises is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011. Sanitary networks are arranged and installed on the basis of SP 73.13330.2016. The rules for conducting power supply and electrical network systems are specified in SP 76.13330.2016. Standards renovation works for private customers are registered in GOST R 52059-2003.

If you order interior decoration premises in a construction company, be sure to conclude a contract. In the contract, indicate that the work performed must necessarily comply with building codes.

The quality of the final finishing of the premises must meet the requirements of SP 71.13330.2011. Since this document is quite large, we suggest that you read the instructions, which indicate the main permissible deviation limits for all surfaces of the interior.

Gender tolerances:

thickness - no more than 10% of that specified in the project;
unevenness of the screed surface for decorative coatings - no more than 2 mm by 2 m;
flatness when laying parquet - no more than 2 mm per 2 m length;
joint width when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 6 mm;
flatness of the surface when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 1 mm.

Besides:

during visual inspection, chips, dents, protrusions, depressions and cracks are unacceptable;
the flatness of the surface is checked using a rail 2 m long. The permissible clearance over the entire length should not be more than 4 mm;
voids under the tile when tapping it are unacceptable. If voids are found, the tiles are re-laid.

Wall tolerances:

when applying plaster to walls, it is necessary to ensure that the deviation from flatness does not exceed 2 mm over a length of 1 m, and in high buildings - by 1 cm;
wall decoration is performed only on surfaces with a moisture content below 8%;
painting work is also carried out on surfaces with a moisture content of no more than 8%;
paint and varnish coatings are applied with a thickness of at least 25 microns;
on the painted surfaces there should be no smudges, splashes, stains, color drops;
wallpaper can be glued only when the humidity level is not higher than 8%;
the width of the seam between the wallpaper stripes should not exceed 0.5 mm;
the surfaces should be free from stains, bubbles, peeling wallpaper;
it is prohibited to wallpaper skirting boards, doorways, electrical devices;
the pattern on the wallpaper must be the same along its entire length.

Before the direct interior decoration of the room, decide how you see the final result. Of course, you can try to make repairs on your own. But it is much more convenient to use the help of professionals, especially if you are interested not only in interior decoration of premises, but also in redevelopment.

What does the interior decoration of the premises consist of? The craftsmen carry out a number of activities: they level, putty and plaster surfaces, perform work on floor screed, decorate walls and ceilings with plasterboard. In an additional order, surface cladding is carried out, workers install windows, doors and slopes. Interior decoration of the premises also involves electrical work, installation of insulation material and laying of floors.

The general appearance of the premises and the result of the repair depend on how well the finishing works are carried out. That is why it is very important to use high quality finishing materials.

Interior decoration of premises is carried out in 3 stages:

Ceiling repair.
Wall work.
Floor finishing.

Note! The work is carried out in this sequence.

Rough interior decoration of premises

There are the following types of interior decoration:

Roughing. Craftsmen prepare surfaces in the room for the application of finishing materials. Usually, with a rough finish, the base is strengthened, defects are eliminated and the surfaces are leveled using different methods.
Finishing. Finishing / decorative materials are applied to the previously prepared surface.

Let's dwell on the general rules of rough finishing.

Rough interior finishing usually involves leveling the floors and walls. different ways... In accordance with SP 29.13330.2010 and SP 71.13330.2011, the subfloor is arranged on a capital basis using multilayer technology.

If the floor is laid on a soil base (often the owners of private houses do this), then the soil is necessarily stabilized and fixed in order to avoid subsidence and swelling. At this stage, drainage works are also carried out.

Note! Work on compaction of the soil foundation is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011, which describes the requirements for earthworks.

The floors should be equipped only at the appropriate temperature. Minimum temperature air for filling sand, gravel or other earthworks - 0 0 C. At +5 0 C, bituminous compositions are applied and cement mortars are poured. Polymer compositions are used at +15 0 С.

The humidity level in the room should not be higher than 60%. In addition, before proceeding with the arrangement of the floor, it is better to finish the work on plaster and putty, accompanied by an increase in humidity.

On the base of the soil, an underlay of sand, gravel, slag or similar materials is laid. As for the thickness of the underlying layer, it is determined by the expected load, but should not be less than 60 mm if it is sand, and 80 mm if it is a larger bedding.

If necessary, within the framework of the interior decoration of the premises, waterproofing of the floor is also carried out - a number of measures to protect the screed and flooring from contact with moisture. In this case, such waterproofing materials as bitumen-based mastics, polymer materials for painting, as well as PVC film and membrane with similar characteristics are used.

For interior decoration, the floor is leveled, pipelines and other communications are masked, the load is evenly distributed on the supporting elements and other types of work are carried out. In all these cases, the masters use screeds. The most common type is filler screeds from a solution, which includes cement and sand (with or without reinforcement).

The minimum screed thickness for floor slabs is 20 mm, and for the backfill layer (as well as for bulk sound and heat insulation materials) - 40 mm. When pouring over pipes, the screed must be at least 10-15 mm thicker than the diameter of the pipeline.

Instead of cement-sand mortar screeds, prefabricated structures made of plywood, fibreboard and similar materials are allowed. When installing such a coating, its elements are fixed on the base, using adhesive solutions or mechanical fasteners for this.

Before finishing, the craftsmen plaster the walls and ceilings. In this regard, the following rule is spelled out in SP 71.13330.2011.

The walls on which the finishing is provided must have a strength of at least 65% of the design value.

To repair all cracks, cracks and other defects, special solutions must be used.

The concrete surface is scored to ensure adhesion. Surfaces made of bricks and blocks must be processed without notching, but it is imperative to fill the seams with a special compound.

When plastering, a multilayer method is used. In this case, the thickness of each layer must correspond to the value prescribed in this table:

The application of each subsequent layer of plaster is permissible only after the previous one has dried.

Nothing is said about how to level the plaster, but it is best to carry it out along the beacons. For this, beacon profiles are installed on the base in advance, serving as a support for distributing plaster and removing its excess.

Instead of plastering, as part of the interior decoration of the premises, cladding or sheathing of plasterboard sheets is performed. The sheets are attached directly to the base using an adhesive mass using a special metal frame or a bar of wood.

By equipping the sheathing on the frame, you can lay hidden wiring without violating the integrity of the wall. Of course, in order to ensure safety, all wires must be laid in cable ducts made of non-combustible material. If the building is made of concrete or brick, you can use plastic corrugations. If the building is wooden, a metal hose or steel pipes are used.

Often, after finishing plastering work or installing gypsum plasterboards, the surface must be putty. In these cases, a special composition (usually based on gypsum) is applied to the walls with a thin layer, after which it is leveled, waited until it dries, and then sanded with abrasive materials.

Fine interior decoration of premises

Upon completion of the preparatory work, the craftsmen proceed to the finishing of the walls. The choice of materials is usually determined by the purpose of the room. Both specialists in the field of repair and decoration, and the owners of houses and apartments themselves pay great attention not only the aesthetic component, but also the safety of materials for decoration.

Premises are residential (this is a bedroom, living room, children's room), non-residential (kitchen, corridor, bathroom, etc.) and production. For each type, materials with specific markings are used, intended for the repair of these rooms. Interior decoration of residential premises is carried out with materials marked E1. The E2 mark indicates that the material is intended for non-residential premises, and E3 - only for production.

Ceramic tile

Decorative finishing indoor spaces With increased level humidity (bathroom, kitchen, toilet) should be carried out using ceramic tiles. This material has excellent characteristics. It is durable, practical, moisture resistant, easy to care for, practically no dirt remains on it, it has a long operating period. A wide range of shades and textures allows you to choose ceramic tiles for any interior style according to your wishes.

But ceramic tiles also have disadvantages, the main of which is their high cost. It should also be noted that self-laying tiles is a rather difficult process, and therefore it is better to use the services of an experienced specialist.

Care must be taken when transporting ceramic tiles, as this material is quite fragile. You also need to remember that the hardness of the floor tiles is different from the hardness of the wall and ceiling tiles.

PVC and MDF panels

Wall panels made of plastic or MDF for interior decoration of residential premises are not the best option. This material is used in the repair of non-residential premises due to its low environmental friendliness. Moreover, MDF furniture is available in many apartments and houses. But still, if you care about your health and well-being of loved ones, you should give preference to a different material for decoration.

The interior decoration of the premises with such panels looks very dignified. The material also has enough advantages: it is strength, ease of use, no need for additional processing of the walls. In this regard, the panels can be used in rooms with unprepared walls. Attach them to wood planks mounted on the wall.

Plastic panels for interior decoration cost less than MDF, however environmental performance the latter are much higher.

Wallpapers and their varieties

Interior decoration of premises with wallpaper is perhaps the most common option for walls, which has been preferred by millions of people for many years. Wallpaper is the most optimal solution for renovation living rooms in the House. The choice is very large today. You can give preference to wallpaper of any texture and design on a fabric, vinyl, non-woven base.

The advantages of paper wallpaper are environmental friendliness and low cost. Wallpapers made of fabric and cork material have excellent safety performance. Among the disadvantages can be noted fragility - over time, the wallpaper loses its color. In addition, they are easy to tear or scratch.

Papered with wallpaper should only be smooth walls, pre-treated with a primer.

If the drawing is complex, the wallpaper must be carefully adjusted when pasting.

For different types wallpaper use different adhesives.

Decorative plaster

Exists different types plaster for interior decoration. Decorative plaster is especially popular today, allowing you to create a beautiful and unusual design in a house or apartment. Fillers for decorative plaster are different, due to which you can achieve any textures and decorate the room in the desired color scheme.

A significant disadvantage of such interior decoration is the high cost and high labor costs.

Paintable walls

Often, for interior decoration, the walls of the premises are painted. A plus this method- ease of execution. The downside is the large labor costs for leveling the base, since even the smallest defects in the walls are clearly visible when painting.

The paint is very easy to apply on dry primed walls using a roller. The method is very economical: to renew the appearance of surfaces, it is enough to roll over them with a roller again.

Interior wood trim

Owners country houses and dachas often use materials imitating timber, as well as lining and euro lining for interior decoration of their premises. It is also very common in wood, the advantages of which are high environmental friendliness, practicality and a pleasant appearance.

Such finishing materials as wane board, wood cuts, parquet board.

Interior decoration of premises with wood cuts assumes the same (or approximately the same) thickness of the cut elements. Slices are formed using a miter saw - a tool that allows you to get aesthetic polished elements.

Parquet board is not the most cost-effective material, but its design fully justifies all financial investments. The interior decoration of premises with parquet boards always looks great.

Interior decoration of the premises is also carried out using panels made of natural wood... The advantages of such a finish are environmental friendliness, practicality and excellent appearance.

Decorative rock

Decorative stone is tiles, the material for the manufacture of which served as a natural stone, gypsum or plastic concrete. By outward appearance artificial and natural stones are almost completely identical to each other.

Decorating interiors with stone allows you to create an effective design in absolutely different styles.

But it is worth noting that decorative stone is almost never used as the main material. As a rule, it is combined, for example, with plaster, wallpaper, etc. The decorative stone itself is used to decorate individual areas in the room - corners, doorways, etc.

Among its advantages, in addition to beautiful design, you can note:

high strength;
practicality - the material is resistant to high humidity (with the exception of gypsum stone), it is easy to wash and clean, and therefore it is ideal for laying in the kitchen as an apron;
easy installation - standard tile adhesive is used for wall cladding with stone. It is very convenient that you do not have to worry about the uniformity of the seams and the alignment of the tiles on the level, and therefore even an inexperienced person can do the finishing.

Minus decorative stone- high price.

Clinker tiles

The interior decoration of premises using clinker tiles is also quite common. Clinker is called ceramic material, for the manufacture of which shale clay is used and a special technology is used.

Clinker tiles resemble brick in shape and are great for imitation brickwork in the interior.

Clinker tiles have a number of advantages:

looks very presentable;
resistance to moisture, detergents and other negative factors. In this regard, it is often used to decorate kitchen aprons;
has a long service life: the tile is able to maintain its original appearance for several decades.

It is easy to install the tiles. The process is similar to the installation of ordinary tiles. But in order to properly lay the clinker with your own hands, of course, you need to have certain skills.

In the modern building materials market, you can find clinker tiles for both walls and floors. Tiles are even presented in sets for finishing stair steps.

It is worth emphasizing that clinker cannot be called a budget material, its price is quite high.

Do not start renovating all the rooms in the house at the same time, as in this case the process will be delayed. Interior finishing should start from the farthest room in the house. Once you complete the work in this room, you can start repairing others.

Remember to paint and whitewash the walls only from top to bottom. Always start at the ceiling and finish at the baseboard level.

When repairing walls and ceilings, use rags and special paper... They should be used to cover furniture and surfaces to protect them from possible contamination. In addition, this way you will save time on cleaning the house or apartment.

Do not forget that before proceeding with the interior decoration of the premises, you should make sure that all communications are installed efficiently. This is an important rule that should never be forgotten.

To prevent freshly painted or plastered walls from collapsing, close all doors and windows immediately after finishing. There should be no draft in the house or apartment.

Before starting repairs, decide where the sockets and switches will be installed.

If the condition of the walls and ceilings is unsatisfactory, sheathe them with plasterboard, which will greatly facilitate your work. The walls and ceiling will be perfectly level. You can mount drywall either using a special profile or using glue for mounting the material.

When fitting sheets of drywall to each other, joints are formed that need to be plastered.

After installing drywall, you can wallpaper or paint it.

For the floor today, special self-leveling mixtures... Only when they are completely dry, the selected material is laid on them, for example, linoleum or laminate.

Remember that the laminate must not come into contact with a large number of moisture, and therefore for the kitchen this is far from the best option. If manufacturers say otherwise, don't believe it. Moisture causes the laminated coating to swell, deteriorate and cannot be restored.
It is also better not to lay parquet flooring in the kitchen, since it is absolutely not intended for this room.
If you are laying massive parquet on the floor, there should be no heating under it, as this will negatively affect the quality of the material.
When completing the interior decoration of the room, install not only hydro, but also sound insulation.
If you are carrying out the interior decoration of an apartment in a new building, apply the screed again.

If your house is less than 3 years old, it is better to preserve the ceiling cracks with plasterboard material, hemming the ceiling with it.
We recommend that you give preference to drywall and profiles of imported rather than domestic manufacturers, since the quality of Russian materials today leaves much to be desired.
In some walls, after applying the putty, bulges form in places of contact with damp building materials. The volume of the gypsum increases, the deformation of the profiles occurs.

Places that are leveled with gypsum mortar with asbestos are best re-plastered along the lighthouses using only environmentally friendly plaster. Considering the price of the material used, the work is much cheaper.
Brick walls have higher sound insulation properties than standard plasterboard partitions.
Uneven walls must be plastered with a mortar of cement and sand before laying the tiles.
Do not buy expensive paints from foreign manufacturers. It is in this matter that the Russian counterparts are no worse. Even if you buy the most expensive Russian paint, compared to the cost of foreign paint, you will save almost twice.

Do not connect aluminum wiring to copper wiring. Don't skimp on this - run copper wires everywhere.
It is forbidden to conduct power wiring around the bathroom. Statistics show that this causes about 60 deaths every year.
If you live with small children, use a differential circuit breaker for protection. When in contact with a person, it works. Its counterparts are not always.

To cooperate with the "My repair" Company is reliable and prestigious. The specialists working here are professionals of the highest level. The company "My Repair" works throughout Moscow and the Moscow region.

Finishing work- it The final stage construction or renovation of buildings. They are performed in order to protect the structures of the house from the effects of the external environment, create comfortable living conditions, and give the house a complete look.

Finishing is carried out both inside (interior finishing work) and outside buildings (exterior finishing work). Finishing materials must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, resist destructive mechanical influences, and retain their original appearance for a long time.

Building a house or his overhaul includes rough and final finishing. V rough finish includes work on leveling the surfaces of ceilings, walls, floors; device, if necessary, a "warm floor" system; installation of heating, water supply and sewerage systems; laying of electrical wiring; installation of window and door blocks, all types of glazing.

Finishing (finishing) finishing is carried out after roughing. It includes the following types of work:

Plumbing installation.
Laying ceramic tiles.
Final finishing of ceilings and walls - finishing plaster and putty, painting, wallpapering, decorative panels and artificial stone and other design work.
Installation of finishing flooring.
Installation of sockets, switches, installation of hanging furniture and other actions for decorating a house or apartment.

Fine finishing completes the construction or renovation of the house, after its completion the housing is ready for occupation and permanent residence.

The main types of finishing work

Depending on the purpose and technological operations, finishing works are classified into plastering, glass, painting, facing works, wallpapering and finishing flooring.

Glass works

Glazing of external window and door openings of buildings is carried out at the first stage of rough finishing. Most of the interior decoration operations cannot be performed without the installation of windows and doors, since plaster and paints, wallpaper and other interior finishing materials are not intended for use in drafts and high humidity.

Glazing is done in various ways, but in modern construction, as a rule, they install ready-made double-glazed windows, manufactured at the factory. It is better to invite a specialized team of workers to install glass blocks.

Plastering works

Plastering of facades, interior walls, ceilings - an obligatory part of the finishing work.

The plaster is applied to protect building surfaces from environmental influences and heat loss, as well as to level substrates for finishing.

Plastering works can be divided into two types: wet and dry plastering. Wet or monolithic plaster is the application of solutions of various plaster mixtures to the surface in order to level or obtain embossed decorative surfaces. Nowadays, many dry putty and plaster mixtures are produced, which only need to be diluted with water before application. According to their composition, they are:

Regular. They consist of a binder and fillers, are used to level and eliminate differences in the base before subsequent finishing.
Specialized. They contain special additives and have certain properties - soundproof, waterproof, frost-resistant, heat-insulating and others.
Decorative. They not only level the surface, but also give it an original relief and color.

Dry plaster is called gypsum plasterboard, with the help of which they carry out the interior decoration of walls, ceilings, and mount partitions between rooms. Drywall looks good in the interior, but it is not recommended to use it for outdoor work, since the material does not have the necessary resistance to weathering.

Painting works

Painting work is painting surfaces with the aim of protecting them from the external environment, ensuring sanitary and hygienic requirements, and improving their appearance. Paints made on a water or non-aqueous basis.

In the first case, the coloring pigments are bonded with cement, glue, lime, liquid glass; in the second - synthetic resins, bitumen, drying oils, and other natural or synthetic materials. Various solvents give the required consistency to the paints.

The quality characteristics of the binder determine the type of paint: oil, adhesive, synthetic. Adhesive paints are used, as a rule, for the interior surfaces of a building, oil paints are used for painting facades, wet rooms, metal structures... Synthetic, water-based, silicate coloring compositions are universal and suitable for all surfaces.

Painting technology consists of several operations: cleaning surfaces from irregularities, removing dirt and dust, filling, applying primer, painting in several layers.

Facing works

Facing works include finishing facades, external and internal walls, ceilings and floors with ceramic tiles, siding panels, ceramic and natural granite, artificial and natural stone and other facing materials.

The cladding technology depends on the characteristics of the surface and on the properties of the material. The general rules for cladding are as follows:

High adhesion (adhesion to the surface). This quality is ensured by the correct selection of the adhesive composition and compliance with the laying conditions for a specific material.
The absence of voids under the facing material, for this it is necessary to level the base well and apply the adhesive mixture evenly.
Absence of cracks, chips, irregularities, residues of the frozen solution.
Seams of the same width and perpendicular to each other. The cladding is made using levels and other devices that allow the finishing material to be laid evenly.

Facing work begins from the upper surfaces (ceilings, walls), and then proceeds to the arrangement of floor coverings. The exception is sanitary facilities - bathrooms, showers, toilets, garages. In conditions of high humidity, condensation forms on the walls, and water can penetrate into the joints of the floors. Therefore, in such rooms, floor tiles are first laid.

Wallpaper sticker

Pasting the walls with wallpaper is the final stage of finishing the premises, with the exception of painting or varnishing the floors. The market of finishing materials is saturated with roll materials of various textures, colors and quality characteristics. Let's consider the most popular ones.

Paper wallpaper

A common type of wallpaper, the cheapest and easiest to paste. Single-layer wallpaper (simplex) and two-layer (duplex) are available. Most often they have a smooth texture, but there are also relief images. Paper wallpaper is an environmentally friendly material, but it is afraid of moisture, burns out, and absorbs odors. Usually used in living rooms.

Non-woven wallpaper

They are made of non-woven dense fabrics. Much stronger than paper wallpaper, they are not afraid of moisture, are environmentally friendly, do not shrink after gluing, hide minor surface defects. Well suited for walls and ceilings. If a layer of vinyl is applied to the non-woven wallpaper, it can be glued to be painted.

Vinyl wallpapers

Available on paper or non-woven backing with vinyl foam backing. Such wallpapers do not fade, they can be washed, painted. On sale there are smooth, embossed wallpapers, as well as silk-screened canvases. Vinyl wallpapers do not allow air to pass through, so it is better not to use them in bedrooms and children's rooms, but in the kitchen and in the hallway such material will be in place.

Elite wallpaper made from natural materials

Paper or non-woven material is used as a basis for them, and upper layer executed from natural materials: bamboo, straw. Veneer, cork, reed and others.

Environmentally friendly materials, look beautiful on the walls, but are expensive, they are afraid of moisture and can fade in the sun.

Often natural wallpaper glued to one of the walls, which gives the interior an original look.

Textile wallpaper

The front side of the fabric wallpaper is made of silk, cotton, velor, linen and other natural and synthetic materials. Fabric wallpaper is resistant to sunlight, has heat-insulating and sound-insulating properties. Their disadvantages include low resistance to moisture, dirt, odors, mechanical damage.

Liquid wallpaper

Liquid wallpaper looks like decorative plaster... They are made from cellulose with the addition of various fibers, glitters and natural dyes. They are harmless to health, level the walls, create an unusual relief surface.

Due to their high hygroscopicity, they are not recommended for use in wet rooms. Sold as dry mixes that are diluted with water prior to application.

In addition to those listed above, acrylic, metallized wallpapers, fiberglass finishing roll materials, photo wallpaper and others are on sale. Adhesives for each type of wallpaper are selected in accordance with the instructions attached to the batch of material.

The finishing technology differs depending on the type of wallpaper. Before gluing, it is necessary to clean and level the surface, it is better to glue the wallpaper, starting from the window of the room. It is advisable to avoid drafts during operation.

Floor covering device

Planking a finishing floor covering completes the finishing work on the house. A variety of modern materials can satisfy the tastes of any customer. Here are some examples of common floor coverings.

Parquet

The time-tested material has not lost its relevance today. Nowadays, parquet boards are more often laid from various types of wood: oak, maple, ash, beech. Computer technologies make it possible to simulate the styling pattern and carry out original design solutions.

Parquet board

For the price, the material compares favorably with parquet. It is made of natural wood in a wide range of colors. Laying of parquet boards is carried out according to the principle of a lock connection. Just like parquet, parquet board lends itself well to repeated sanding, cleaning and varnishing.

Laminate

Reliable material resistant to scratches and mechanical damage. Its top layer imitates the texture of wood, parquet, ceramic tiles, natural stone - it all depends on the taste and preferences of the customer. During laying, the material is fixed with the help of locking elements provided by the design of the panels.

In addition to these materials, for finishing flooring, use wooden planks, cork coverings, mats, ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, slabs made of natural or artificial stone, roll materials (carpet, linoleum).

The flooring technology differs depending on the material chosen. After the installation of the floors, the decoration of the room can be considered complete.

Our suggestions

MosKomplekt company carries out work on the decoration of private houses, apartments and public buildings. By contacting us, you will receive a beautiful cozy home, the design of which will meet all the requirements of reliability and environmental safety.

We do not charge a fee for the departure of specialists for measurements and assessment of the working conditions. Our specialists carry out both individual types of work and the finishing of an apartment and a turnkey house.

The total cost of repair and finishing services depends on many factors and is calculated after specifying the scope of work. We have affordable prices and an individual approach to each client. Estimated cost of turnkey finishing:

Redecoration - from 2,500 rubles / m2.
Overhaul - from 5800 rubles / m2.
Elite renovation (European-style renovation) - from 7,900 rubles / m2.

One of the final finishing processes of residential buildings is wallpapering the walls. It is the main pasting material for decorating the walls of living rooms and corridors. Wallpaper is a roll material on a paper basis, the front surface of which has a one-color or multi-color pattern. Currently, a fairly wide range of wallpapers is produced - non-primed, primed embossed, metallized, etc. According to its purpose and operational characteristics, wallpaper can be ordinary, washable (moisture-resistant) and pile. In recent years, synthetic films have been widely used for the decoration of residential and administrative buildings.

Ordinary wallpaper produce a variety of colors. The color of the wallpaper should be selected depending on the purpose of individual rooms, sizes, lighting capabilities and a number of other data, as well as according to the instructions of the architects.

Unprimed wallpaper has a pattern applied directly to white or colored paper (background). The background may show through between the pictures. The design of the printed wallpaper is done with water-based glue paint.

Primed wallpaper is made of wallpaper paper coated with a primer on which a pattern is applied in one or more colors. In terms of quality, they are higher than non-primed.

Embossed wallpaper usually made of primed wallpaper, on which oil paints drawing is applied with simultaneous embossing.

Metallic wallpaper made of wallpaper, on which a primer with metal powder is applied, after which a pattern is printed or embossed.

Washable (moisture resistant) wallpaper is a roll material obtained by applying a thin layer of an aqueous dispersion of synthetic resins or a ready-made transparent polyvinyl chloride film to ordinary paper wallpaper. The surface of the wallpaper can be smooth and embossed with a colored pattern and embossing. They also produce wallpaper with a texture that imitates embossed plaster, fabric, silk, etc. Washable wallpaper is used for pasting the walls of living rooms, corridors and kitchens.

Pile wallpaper are a roll material that consists of a paper base and a pile applied to the paper in a continuous layer or in the form of a combination of a smooth field and a pattern formed by a fleecy surface. Pile is made from waste of weaving wool, rayon yarn, cotton and cheap wood fiber.

Pile wallpaper is breathable and has increased sound insulation properties. They are used mainly for finishing rooms with increased soundproofing requirements, such as radio and television studios.

Before starting the gluing, the manufacturer of the works checks whether the type, quality and type of wallpaper comply with the guidelines of the building project and whether they have been approved by the designer's supervision. Wallpaper is delivered to the construction site in pieces, rolled up. The length of wallpaper in one piece should be 12 m, width - 500, 600 or 750 mm. By order of construction organizations, factories release wallpaper without cutting it into pieces, in bobbins; the length of such panels is 500-600 m. At the same time, a workshop for cutting and assembling wallpaper is organized directly at the construction site in one of the houses under construction. This allows you to check the quality of the wallpaper when cutting, and also significantly reduces the amount of waste.

Controlling the quality of wallpaper, make sure that deviations in the dimensions of rolls with a length of 12 and 30 m do not exceed ± 250 mm, and for rolls with a length of 500 m - no more than ± 3.5 m; deviations across the width of the panel for all types of rolls should not exceed ± 3 mm. Wallpaper edge should have the same width - 10-15 mm along the entire length of the roll.

Wallpaper must meet the following requirements:

Have a solid base (paper) that will not creep when wet, and a smooth, uniform surface without foreign inclusions and stains;

Monochromatic primer on paper should be even and dense, and multicolored primer should have a uniform distribution of color spots; have a durable paint layer that does not stain when bent and does not leave marks when touched;

There should be no damage to the substrate, and damage to the edges should not affect the applied pattern or background;

The moisture content of the wallpaper should not exceed 6-8%.

If the wallpaper comes from a blanking workshop cut into strips, then you need to ensure that they are assembled for each room and apartment, correctly selected according to the pattern, color and shades, the edges are equally cut on both sides.

Deviations of cut wallpaper panels should not exceed 10 mm in length and 3 mm in width. Unclear or uneven edges of the pattern and misalignment of the colors of the pattern on the panel are not allowed. The cutting line of the wallpaper strip must be even, without distortions and strips of uncut edges.

Particular attention is paid to the correct transportation of wallpaper and linkrust. Wallpaper is transported packed in bundles and bales by types of colors and patterns. In this case, the packs are placed vertically. Wallpaper is stored in dry rooms equipped with racks; Linkrust rolls are stored upright in a dry warm room at a temperature of 0-18 ° C.

Pasting the walls with wallpaper is preceded by a thorough preparation of the surface of the walls, carried out in accordance with the recommendations of SNiP III-21-73 "Finishing coatings building structures". The surfaces intended for wallpapering are well dried, leveled and cleaned from a solution of chalky or lime whitewash. Found cracks, sinks and cracks are sealed with lime-gypsum mortar.

On the prepared surface under the wallpaper, glue a wrapping or newspaper, clean, without oil stains, paper. For pasting walls with paper and then wallpaper, pastes made on the basis of flour, starch, wood glue, as well as various synthetic adhesives, adhesive mastics, and adhesives based on dry building mixtures are used. For gluing synthetic films on a fabric basis, use latex water-based glue bustilate or polyvinyl acetate glue. Such adhesives are prepared in paint shops of construction sites or in paint shops.

Wall surfaces are cleaned of dust and other contaminants. Rough surfaces are carefully smoothed with the end of a tree or flak. Uneven surfaces of plaster or concrete are partially greased or completely putty. Then pasted over with paper.

Reinforced concrete walls wall panels made in cassette forms, as well as walls that have a flat and smooth surface, leveled at the factory, are not pasted over with waste paper.

Walls lined with dry sheets gypsum plaster, they do not paste over the waste paper, and the rusty layers between the sheets of dry plaster are filled with filler flush with the entire surface and pasted over with strips of paper in 1-3 layers. After drying, the edges of the paper strips are cleaned with fine sandpaper or pumice. Recessed nail heads are covered with linseed oil, sealed with putty and sanded.

Before gluing the paper, the surface of the walls is covered with paste in separate areas. In this case, the paste should not dry out completely until the paper smeared with the paste is applied to it.

When pasting walls with plain wallpaper, sheets of waste paper can be glued with an overlap. When pasting with ordinary wallpaper, the paper is glued back to back. When pasting with embossed high-quality wallpaper, the paper is glued end-to-end in two layers, and the second layer is glued after carefully sanding the putty and dried first layer of paper so that the seams of the first layer do not coincide with the seams of the second. Each glued sheet should be well smoothed and leveled with a brush or rag so that it does not have folds, wrinkles and bubbles. Especially carefully it is necessary to paste over the surface near the skirting boards and platbands. After drying, the surfaces covered with paper are inspected and the detected defects are cleaned with a pumice stone or circles with fine glass skin.

Wallpapering should be started only after the pasted paper is completely dry. The foreman examines the wallpaper panels intended for pasting this room and, if necessary, instructs the foreman to sort them. It is recommended to stick light-colored wallpapers selected during sorting on shadow walls (less illuminated), and dark-colored wallpapers - on lighted ones.

The cut panels are laid on the table with the pattern up. Then the upper panel is fixed under the folding roller of the spreading mechanism and passed through the mechanism. Wallpaper sticks well only when it is sufficiently saturated with paste before being applied to the wall. Therefore, the foreman must ensure that badly soaking wallpaper on thick paper, after the first application with paste, is kept on the tables. Before the sticker itself, sufficiently soaked canvases are again smeared with paste with special brushes with the supply of paste from the pressure tank. The oiled panels are first folded in half, first joining the surfaces covered with paste, and then fourfold (picture to picture). The panels folded in this way are fed to workplace and stick it on.

In order for the panels to be glued strictly vertically, on the prepared surface, control vertical lines are beaten off with a plumb line, along which the panel is applied. The first vertical line is applied by measuring from the corner in the upper part of the wall a distance equal to the width of the panel. The first canvas is glued exactly along the marked vertical line or marks and in the direction from the window into the interior of the room. This is done in order to eliminate shadows from the edges of thick wallpaper.

When gluing, the panel is applied with its upper end to the wall, and then smoothed with a clean rag or hair brush from the middle to the edges, while squeezing the air out from under the wallpaper.

A well-smoothed fabric should be free of wrinkles, swollen areas, folds and raised edges. It is recommended to roll the edges with rubber rollers. If an air bubble appears under the glued panel, the wallpaper above it is pierced with a needle, the air is squeezed out and this place is carefully smoothed. The next panel is glued in the same way, making sure that the pattern on both panels exactly matches at the joints. In the course of work, short pieces (panels) are glued under and above the windows, as well as above the doors.

To increase the productivity of painters when pasting walls with wallpaper and to improve the quality of their work, a brush with a spring holder is used for gluing wallpaper. The glue-coated panel is grasped with a holder and placed on the upper part of the wall, adjusting the pattern to the pattern of the previously pasted panel. Then, pressing the upper part of the panel with your palm against the wall, release the holder and use a brush to smooth and press the panel against the wall over the entire plane.

Excess wallpaper near cornices, skirting boards, door trims, in corners with surface distortions, at window slopes, radiator niches and in other places is cut off along a ruler immediately after sticking the sheet until it is dry. When gluing on new surfaces, the wallpaper should be run behind the skirting boards and platbands, so the latter can only be nailed after pasting the wallpaper. After the end of pasting, the walls are allowed to dry out a little, and then proceed to the sticker of the border or frieze.

Wallpapering of ceilings is carried out on reinforced concrete floor panels the size of a room. The ceiling surfaces of the panels must be flat and smooth. Their moisture content should not exceed 8%. Grease and rust stains, shells with a depth and diameter of more than 4 mm are unacceptable on the surface. Before the ceilings are glued, hidden electrical wiring must be done. Surface preparation is carried out as follows: using a metal scraper on a long handle, the painter cleans the surface from splashes of solution and other contaminants; lubricates irregularities; spatula places where the ceiling adjoins the walls; polishes greased places.

For pasting ceilings, wallpaper of light colors with a pattern that does not require adjusting the panels when gluing is selected. The quality of the wallpaper must meet the following requirements: the background of the wallpaper must be uniform, without spots, stripes, streaks, the paint layer must be durable, not peeling and peeling, the edges of the wallpaper must be even and not have tears. The ceilings are pasted over just before the walls are glued. Immediately before pasting, the ceilings and upper parts of the walls are primed with a 3% solution of CMC glue.

The foreman of the painters must control the quality of the preparation of the paste for pasting the ceilings with the use of CMC glue. Pour 500 g of CMC glue into 10 liters of water with a temperature not higher than 40 ° C with continuous stirring. The composition is kept for 12 hours until the glue is completely dissolved. Before using the paste, it must be mixed. The viscosity of the paste according to the VZ-4 viscometer should be 50 s at a temperature of 18 ° C.

Pasting wallpaper on the ceiling is as follows. First, the glue composition is applied to the ceiling with a swing roller in an even layer without gaps and streaks. The applied composition must be kept for at least 20 minutes. Then the painter applies the adhesive composition along the perimeter of the walls to a width of 10 cm with a swinging brush. The wallpaper is passed through the installation for applying paste, held for 20 minutes for impregnation with the composition and glued to the ceiling, overlapping the corner and the upper part of the wall by 10 cm.

The application of wallpaper to the ceiling starts from window to door, parallel to the short wall with an overlap of 10-15 mm. The overlap should be facing the direction of the light. The glued panels are smoothed with a brush with movements from the middle to the edges. Papered ceilings are protected from direct exposure to sunlight and drafts until completely dry. During drying of wallpaper, the air temperature in the room should be constant no higher than 23 ° C, and the windows in the premises should be closed. With this drying mode, wallpaper glued to the ceiling dries up in 1-2 days. and high quality of work is ensured.

The quality of upholstery must meet the following requirements:

Cloths of rolled finishing materials and wallpaper must have the same color and shade;

Wallpaper strips should be located vertically, without deviations of the position of the edges from the plumb line by more than 1 mm to the gluing height;

The fit of the edges of complex panels must be accurate, without gaps between the panels and without distorting the pattern; displacement of the picture is allowed no more than 0.5 mm;

The underlying edge should not be visible from under the cut edge of the wallpaper;

Wallpaper joints should be overlapped, the upper edge of the wallpaper at the joint should be facing the light (towards the window);

The junction points of the wallpaper when gluing them end-to-end should not be noticeable at a distance of 3 m;

The border should be glued horizontally, without distortions of more than 2 mm over the entire length of the walls; the width of the curb should be no more than 25 mm, the joints must be overlapped and so that the upper edge of the curb strip is facing the light (window); the border should completely cover the upper edge of the wallpaper, the distance from the ceiling to the top of the border should be no more than 10 cm;

The sheets of wallpaper from above should be completely suspended under the curb, without gaps between their top and the curb, the lower ends of the wallpaper should be cut 10 mm above the level of the finished floor (with single skirting boards and fillets) or at the level of the top of the skirting board (with double wooden and PVC skirting boards );

Sticking wallpaper to the skirting board is not allowed;

Stains, places contaminated with paste, drips, changes in the color and shade of wallpaper, lagging of wallpaper, swelling, folds, wrinkles, irregularities in the cut lines of wallpaper at baseboards and platbands, non-glued places, inserts (patches, gluing) of individual places in the panels are not allowed.

Based on the materials of the reference book "Universal reference book of the foreman". STC "Stroyinform".

Finishing is the third and final cycle of the construction of buildings, but its beginning, as a rule, does not coincide with the end time of the construction of the building box, but is shifted to the earliest possible date. The type and quality of finishing work is determined by their purpose and is expressed in decorative and aesthetic, technical or protective and sanitary and hygienic functions. All types of finishing works can be divided into capital and decorative, which are applied in accordance with the requirements for the room, facade or parts thereof. Capital finishes are made of natural and artificial stone, glass and non-ferrous metals. Finishes made from less durable materials can be classified as decorative types. The quality of the finish is determined by the degree of leveling and uniformity of the surface, the size of the gaps between individual elements and some other characteristics. The quality of finishing is set in the project for work with differentiated requirements to quality or control by uniform, standard requirements, regardless of the type and purpose of the premises or structure. So plastering and painting works have three types of quality: simple, improved and high quality. All other types of finishes are carried out and controlled according to uniform requirements for the corresponding work, i.e. the quality of tiling, flooring, glazing and false ceilings cannot be performed with a higher or lower level of quality, depending on the type of room in which they are performed or the design assignment.

TYPES OF FINISHING WORKS:

1) Surface cladding

Cladding is the process of fixing various tiles, panels or sheet materials on walls or ceilings that do not require subsequent finishing (plastering, painting or pasting). Natural and artificial stone, glass and metal are used for facing facades. Stone and metal can be either part of load-bearing structures or can be attached to them in various ways. In interiors, besides these, other less durable materials can be used: gypsum castings and sheets, plastic, wood and wood-laminated panels. All these materials are attached with a sticker on various adhesives, mastics and mortars, or by hanging onto a frame made of a special metal, rarely wooden profile with the help of various fasteners.

2) Glass works Nowadays, the glazing of window sashes is usually carried out by the manufacturer of the window fillings, but on the construction site the glass is often dismantled and reinstalled. Removing glass from the bindings is associated with the need to access the mounting elements of the strapping of plastic blocks or for the final finishing of wooden blocks. In some cases, glass cutting and glazing can be performed at the construction site. Cutting of window glass is carried out by breaking along the line applied with a roller or diamond glass cutter or after sharp heating along the cutting line with a tungsten thread. For the preparation of glass on the territory of the construction site, a workshop is equipped where large glass is cut to the specified dimensions in the required quantity. The glass is installed in fully painted bindings, removed from the hinges, in one of the rooms of the glazed floor. Since single glass has given way to double-glazed windows today, glazing with a glass blank on the site is almost never used. Double-glazed windows are installed at the place of production of window blocks dry with fitting of glazing beads and temporary fastening. The method of fastening "on double putty" is not used for double-glazed windows. Traditional, widely used in housing construction, is the glazing method "with double putty and glazing beads" (Fig. 66 - b)

a- on double putty; b- on putty and glazing beads; v- on elastic pads and glazing beads. 1 - glass; 2 - the first layer of putty or sealant; 3 - the second layer of putty (sealant); 4 - fixing pin (nail); 5 - elastic pad; 6 - glazing bead; 7 - fastening the glazing bead with a screw or nail. The following types of window glass are used today:

Reinforced
Mirrored
Patterned, with a thickness of 2-3 mm.
The same, with a thickness of 4-6 mm.
WITH flowed reinforced.
Polished mirror glass.
Patterned and corrugated glass.

3) Plastering work These works are in first place in terms of mass use and labor intensity in the total volume of finishing works. By appointment plasters are divided into ordinary(leveling), special(moisture, heat, X-ray and noise protection) and decorative(not requiring additional finishing). Depending on the degree of "evenness" of the finished surface, there are three types quality for ordinary plasters: simple, improved and high quality and two for specials (improved and high quality). A special type is dry plaster, which, according to technological characteristics, can be attributed to cladding, but according to its purpose and the need for subsequent finishing, it corresponds to the definition of plaster. Thus, according to the materials used, plasters can be mortar or monolithic and dry. Dry plaster made of standard gypsum plasterboard (gypsum plasterboard) or gypsum fiber (gypsum fiber board) sheets, 10 or 12 thick, 1200 millimeters wide. The length of the sheets can be from 1.2 to 3.3 m, but the most common sheets on the market are 2.7 m long. Monolithic plasters This is a traditional type of plaster used for facades and interiors and can be classified as capital finishes. Plastering mortars are composed of sand, binder, plasticizer and water. The binder can be cement, lime and gypsum. Today, due to its low strength, long setting time and high cost, lime is almost never used as a binder. Surface preparation under plastering. You can plaster almost any surface, but some of them require serious preparation. Most suitable for plastering the surface of a brickwork made of wasteland or from a special embossed brick. Such a surface only requires cleaning from sagging. masonry mortar and dust. Smoother concrete surfaces made with quality formwork need to be roughened with a notch or upholstery with metal stucco nets. Application of the solution today it is performed mainly by a mechanized plastering nozzle with the supply of solution from a mobile plastering station, placed directly in the plastering room or next to it.

4) Production of painting works 1 - embossed texture - created by various processing of a plastic layer of putty, applied with a thickness of 2-4 mm. onto the prepared surface. Today there are a large number of ready-to-use decorative compositions, with instructions for their application, which allows you to create various options for the texture of the finished surface. On the market, such compositions are often referred to as decorative plasters. Textured compositions are applied with hand floats or crumb blowers, and the finish is performed with smooth or embossed rollers. Compositions based on transparent acrylic resins with a mineral filler imitate stone-like plaster. A similar texture can be obtained without the use of special decorative compositions; 2 - sanding - is carried out by applying dust-free sand in two layers on freshly applied epoxy glue or drying oil. After the glue dries, the surface is painted, and in the case of using colored sand, varnished; 3 - color imitation of wood and stone species is achieved by cutting a freshly applied layer of paint with tampons, embossed rollers or brushes; 4 - knurling the pattern with relief rollers, printing with tampons and stencils.

5) Wallpaper works Performed by painters simultaneously with painting works on the object. Preparation for pasting is carried out in the same way as preparation for painting. After wallpapering the room, you can install carpet, skirting boards and casings on door frames. Today on the market there is a huge variety of different wallpapers, which, according to technological characteristics, can be reduced to the following types: thin paper; medium density; dense; heavy and linkrust; ceiling and glass wallpaper (embossed fiberglass). The width of the wallpaper is usually 0.5 and 1.0 meters. Thin wallpaper is glued with an overlap, and all others - end-to-end (in finished form). Lincrust and some types of expensive wallpaper are glued with an overlap for precise trimming (see linoleum fig. 86). All wallpaper before the sticker is cut to the height of the room with a margin of 5 - 6 cm, while wallpaper with a geometric pattern (rapport) is calculated with the addition of the size of the pattern step to the height of the room to all panels, except for the first one. This is necessary in order to be able to align the pattern in adjacent panels. All types of wallpaper, except for glass wallpaper and ceiling, are coated with glue immediately before sticking. The base is glued in advance and must be completely dry by the time the wallpaper is applied. Before the beginning of the sticker, on the surface, the position of the first edge of the panel must be marked with a vertical line. The corners are overlapped with a panel by about 50 mm. Large overlap can lead to wrinkles in the wallpaper. All wallpaper adhesives produced today are based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with various additives. Glue dissolved in water of the consistency of thick jelly, is applied to the panel cut to size with a brush or roller. The prepared panel is folded into three layers, served to a painter - a gluer, standing on a scaffold or a step-ladder and glued from the ceiling to the floor. Air bubbles are squeezed out with a soft rubber roller from the middle to the edges with simultaneous correction of the joint of the panels. Correctly selected and applied glue allows you to move the panel over the base by 5 - 10 mm. within 2 - 3 minutes. During the production of work, the humidity in the room rises significantly, but it is impossible to ventilate the rooms. Otherwise, the wallpaper paper will dry faster than the glue, which will lead to the shrinking of the panels and the opening of the seams. The edges of the joints and the stock are trimmed before the glue dries, after which the edges are folded back and additionally coated with glue. Ceiling wallpaper is made of materials that have minimal deformation with changes in humidity, which allows them to be glued without moisture, i.e. the glue is applied not to the wallpaper, but to the surface to be sprayed. At the same time, the wallpaper is simply rolled out of the roll and pressed with a roller.

6) Arrangement of false ceilings The need for suspended ceilings is due not only to decorative, acoustic and thermal properties, but also to the possibility of placing large ventilation pipelines and numerous electrical wiring in an easily accessible space. Given the low cost of materials and work on the installation of ceilings, the popularity of this type of finish becomes clear. The most common today are modular slab ceilings on a light metal frame filled with acoustic mineral wool slabs, plasterboard for subsequent finishing and plastic hollow-core panels.
Figure 78. Construction of a plasterboard suspended ceiling on a single-level metal (A) and two-level frame (B).

Ceiling installation begins with drawing on the walls of the level of a clean ceiling, using optical or laser levels, a water level or a large mounting level for this.

7) Floor arrangement During operation, floor coverings are subjected to a wide variety of loads due to the type of room, hence the requirements for floors: strength, resistance to abrasion, crushing from impact and prolonged pressure, resistance to chemicals, evenness and smoothness of the coating, a given slope, appropriate heat and sound insulation , the ability to clean and antibacterial, elasticity, decorative and durability. These qualities are ensured not only by the coatings, but also by other underlying elements and layers of the floor. The name of the floor is determined by its covering or a clean floor, underneath there is a layer that redistributes the load or connects the covering with the underlying layers. Further, there can be a leveling or reinforcing screed, heat and sound insulation, steam or waterproofing and a supporting base in the form of a ceiling or reinforced soil. In some types of flooring, some of the listed elements are missing. According to the method of production and the materials used, monolithic, piece and roll coatings are distinguished. Monolithic ones include concrete, cement, polymer-cement or bulk, terrazzo, mosaic and xylolite. Piece items include: planks, squared, parquet (type-setting, panel boards, parquet boards, laminate), ceramic tiles, natural and artificial stone, end block and cast iron slabs. Roll: natural linoleum and polyvinyl chloride (PVC coatings), rubber (relin), carpets and floteks.

Kinds:

Coupler device - The most common are monolithic reinforcing and leveling screeds. Reinforcing are performed on top of insulation or crushed stone from a cement-sand mortar. Monolithic concrete floors - They are installed in industrial and utility rooms in one layer on a rigid base made of ordinary concrete mortar. The thickness of the coating is determined by the project depending on the design loads and can be from 30 to 200 mm. Under heavy loads, such a floor is additionally reinforced by placing reinforcement in the middle of the concrete layer thickness. Terrazzo and monolithic mosaic floor These floors are installed in public areas with high traffic: lobbies, distribution halls, corridors, sales areas, etc. Stone and ceramic tile floors They are installed on solid, rigid foundations in premises for various purposes. Plank flooring The use of these floors has a long history and is justified today in many cases by the simplicity of the design, environmental friendliness, decorativeness and tactile characteristics of natural wood. Slab floor It is used in rooms with a high dynamic load, such as gyms and gyms. It is carried out, as a rule, on the logs-beds on the sand on the floor slabs, similar to the plank floor. Parquet flooring Today, apart from the traditional type-setting, this type of floor includes parquet boards, boards and laminated panels. Roll floors They are usually made of synthetic pile or smooth materials. Smooth coatings include natural and polyvinyl chloride linoleum, and relin (rubber linoleum). Carpets They can be laid by the method of continuous gluing to the base or by tension on toothed racks (grippers), fixed along the perimeter of the room. In either case, unlike PVC coverings, the seams are welded before the coating is fixed to the base.

TYPES OF FINISHING WORKS:

1) Surface cladding

Cladding is the process of fixing various tiles, panels or sheet materials on walls or ceilings that do not require subsequent finishing (plastering, painting or pasting). Natural and artificial stone, glass and metal are used for facing facades. Stone and metal can be either part of load-bearing structures or can be attached to them in various ways. In interiors, besides these, other less durable materials can be used: gypsum castings and sheets, plastic, wood and wood-laminated panels. All these materials are fastened with a sticker on various adhesives, mastics and solutions or by hanging onto a frame made of a special metal, rarely wooden profile using various fasteners.

Reinforced
Mirrored
Patterned, with a thickness of 2-3 mm.
The same, with a thickness of 4-6 mm.
WITH flowed reinforced.
Polished mirror glass.
Patterned and corrugated glass.

3) Plastering work These works are in first place in terms of mass use and labor intensity in the total volume of finishing works. By appointment plasters are divided into ordinary(leveling), special(moisture, heat, X-ray and noise protection) and decorative(not requiring additional finishing). Depending on the degree of "evenness" of the finished surface, there are three types quality for ordinary plasters: simple, improved and high quality and two for specials (improved and high quality). A special type is dry plaster, which, according to technological characteristics, can be attributed to cladding, but according to its purpose and the need for subsequent finishing, it corresponds to the definition of plaster. Thus, according to the materials used, plasters can be mortar or monolithic and dry. Dry plaster made of standard gypsum plasterboard (gypsum plasterboard) or gypsum fiber (gypsum fiber board) sheets, 10 or 12 thick, 1200 millimeters wide. The length of the sheets can be from 1.2 to 3.3 m, but the most common sheets on the market are 2.7 m long. Monolithic plasters This is a traditional type of plaster used for facades and interiors and can be classified as capital finishes. Plastering mortars are composed of sand, binder, plasticizer and water. The binder can be cement, lime and gypsum. Today, due to its low strength, long setting time and high cost, lime is almost never used as a binder. Surface preparation under plastering. You can plaster almost any surface, but some of them require serious preparation. Most suitable for plastering the surface of a brickwork made of wasteland or from a special embossed brick. Such a surface requires only cleaning from the influx of masonry mortar and dust. Smoother concrete surfaces made with quality formwork need to be roughened with a notch or upholstery with metal stucco nets. Application of the solution today it is performed mainly by a mechanized plastering nozzle with the supply of solution from a mobile plastering station, placed directly in the plastering room or next to it.

5) Wallpaper works Performed by painters simultaneously with painting work at the facility. Preparation for pasting is carried out in the same way as preparation for painting. After wallpapering the room, you can install carpet, skirting boards and casings on door frames. Today on the market there is a huge variety of different wallpapers, which, according to technological characteristics, can be reduced to the following types: thin paper; medium density; dense; heavy and linkrust; ceiling and glass wallpaper (embossed fiberglass). The width of the wallpaper is usually 0.5 and 1.0 meters. Thin wallpaper is glued with an overlap, and all others - end-to-end (in finished form). Lincrust and some types of expensive wallpaper are glued with an overlap for precise trimming (see linoleum fig. 86). All wallpaper before the sticker is cut to the height of the room with a margin of 5 - 6 cm, while wallpaper with a geometric pattern (rapport) is calculated with the addition of the size of the pattern step to the height of the room to all panels, except for the first one. This is necessary in order to be able to align the pattern in adjacent panels. All types of wallpaper, except for glass wallpaper and ceiling, are coated with glue immediately before sticking. The base is glued in advance and must be completely dry by the time the wallpaper is applied. Before the beginning of the sticker, on the surface, the position of the first edge of the panel must be marked with a vertical line. The corners are overlapped with a panel by about 50 mm. Large overlap can lead to wrinkles in the wallpaper. All wallpaper adhesives produced today are based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with various additives. Glue dissolved in water of the consistency of thick jelly, is applied to the panel cut to size with a brush or roller. The prepared panel is folded into three layers, served to a painter - a gluer, standing on a scaffold or a step-ladder and glued from the ceiling to the floor. Air bubbles are squeezed out with a soft rubber roller from the middle to the edges with simultaneous correction of the joint of the panels. Correctly selected and applied glue allows you to move the panel over the base by 5 - 10 mm. within 2 - 3 minutes. During the production of work, the humidity in the room rises significantly, but it is impossible to ventilate the rooms. Otherwise, the wallpaper paper will dry faster than the glue, which will lead to the shrinking of the panels and the opening of the seams. The edges of the joints and the stock are trimmed before the glue dries, after which the edges are folded back and additionally coated with glue. Ceiling wallpaper is made of materials that have minimal deformation with changes in humidity, which allows them to be glued without moisture, i.e. the glue is applied not to the wallpaper, but to the surface to be sprayed. At the same time, the wallpaper is simply rolled out of the roll and pressed with a roller.

Ceiling installation begins with drawing on the walls of the level of a clean ceiling, using optical or laser levels, a water level or a large mounting level for this.

Kinds:

Coupler device - The most common are monolithic reinforcing and leveling screeds. Reinforcing are performed on top of insulation or crushed stone from a cement-sand mortar. Monolithic concrete floors - They are installed in industrial and utility rooms in one layer on a rigid base made of ordinary concrete mortar. The thickness of the coating is determined by the project depending on the design loads and can be from 30 to 200 mm. Under heavy loads, such a floor is additionally reinforced by placing reinforcement in the middle of the concrete layer thickness. Terrazzo and monolithic mosaic floor These floors are installed in public areas with high traffic: lobbies, distribution halls, corridors, sales areas, etc. Stone and ceramic tile floors They are installed on solid, rigid foundations in premises for various purposes. Plank flooring The use of these floors has a long history and is justified today in many cases by the simplicity of the design, environmental friendliness, decorativeness and tactile characteristics of natural wood. Slab floor It is used in rooms with a high dynamic load, such as gyms and gyms. It is carried out, as a rule, on the logs-beds on the sand on the floor slabs, similar to the plank floor. Parquet flooring Today, apart from the traditional type-setting, this type of floor includes parquet boards, boards and laminated panels. Roll floors They are usually made of synthetic pile or smooth materials. Smooth coatings include natural and polyvinyl chloride linoleum, and relin (rubber linoleum). Carpets They can be laid by the method of continuous gluing to the base or by tension on toothed racks (grippers), fixed along the perimeter of the room. In both cases, unlike PVC coatings, the seams are welded before the coating is fixed to the base.

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