Filimonov Evgeniy

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How to create a sewage system in a private house. External and internal sewerage. The choice of materials and the location of the sewer. Installation of pipes and sewage.

When building a mansion, the sewerage scheme in a private house should play an important role. Indeed, the comfort of living and the availability of renovation works sewers in the future.

Stages of laying the sewer system. Materials for creating a sewage system. Internal and external sewerage, what are the differences. Choosing a place. Arrangement options. Selection of the necessary pipes. Tips and tricks for a safe installation.

During the construction of a new building, sewerage is an integral part. WITH modern materials and quantity useful information on the Internet, finding out how to correctly design a sewage system in a private house with your own hands will not be a problem.

Observing simple requirements, you can easily assemble the waste system yourself, since you do not have to use outdated bulky materials.

Since the old grandfather's toilet has lost its relevance, especially in the cold season, there are currently three main types of waste systems in operation:

• A system connected to a collective or city collector;
• Stationary waste collection point;
• Sealed tank;
• Stationary sewer well no bottom;
• Bio-sewerage installation scheme.

The principles of installing the pipe system in the house and up to the collector are almost the same for all types. It is convenient to carry out all the wiring around the house from PVC, and it is more rational to make the connection with the collection point with a pipe technical purpose, since its length allows a non-docking method. The main branch connected to the toilet is laid with a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm, all other standard water points (sink, washing machine, shower cabin), are connected to common system pipes of the 50th diameter.

The only requirement is a 2-3 ° angle in horizontal sections to ensure optimal water flow.

At the sewers PVC pipes there are advantages and disadvantages when installing a waste system:

• Simple way to connect. The whole circuit is assembled as a constructor, pipes and accessories are simply inserted into each other;
• Materials have a light weight in comparison even with HDPE materials;
• A simple method of fastening, including on a vertical surface;
• The only drawback is the maximum free access length of 6 m.

Diy sewerage scheme in a private house

Do-it-yourself installation of a sewerage scheme in a private house is possible for all types of sewerage, except for bio-sewerage. To implement this option, it is recommended to contact a specialist. All others can be mounted independently, but when connected to central system, a package of admission documents will be required.

Where to start

The first point is to choose the type of collection point. The most profitable is the connection to the general city line. The user once invests in installation and the required materials and pays a symbolic amount for services every month. This option is not always feasible for suburban construction, but there is an alternative.

Stationary sewerage scheme of a private house: the depth of laying the pipe to the tank

The reservoir can be made from different materials.

This could be:

• Metal or plastic tank;
• Concrete structure;
• Concrete rings installed on a concrete base.

This method is acceptable even in the presence of a water well on the site, since liquid waste with good waterproofing does not penetrate into the soil. The only drawback is the waste of money on sewer services. The septic tank, as a rule, is mounted at a depth of 1.5-2 m. The pipeline is strongly recommended to be laid below the level of soil freezing, which can be determined using a special map.

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Filimonov Evgeniy

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Depending on the number of tapping points, the working volume of the tank is selected, but it should be borne in mind that the standard volume of the sewage machine is 3 m3, that is, the volume of your tank should be a multiple of this indicator.

For example, if the volume of the tank is 5 m3, you will either overpay for the services of the second car, or 2 m3 of the working volume will fill up once and become useless.

In the case of a standard family of 4 people, with periodic washing, shower, dishwashing, a container with a volume of 3 m3 is filled on average in two weeks.

Option with a leaky collection point

When implementing this type of sewage, the location of the collection point is very important. The minimum distance from the house and outbuildings to the cesspool is 6-10 m. Otherwise, liquid drains wash out the soil and sand cushion of the foundation.

Execution options:

• Concrete rings installed on a drainage pad;
• Brick version of the cesspool;
• Metal or plastic drums with holes connected into one system.

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Filimonov Evgeniy

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Note! When using barrels, the base is laid out with gravel, since the weight of the loose soil will press the container into the loose soil.

When laying a sewage system in a private house, it is recommended to perform a ditch with a slope exceeding an angle of 2-3o for a more efficient process. The depth of the ditch is different for each case, depending on the size of the site and its location relative to the access roads.

Basic principles of a sewer pipeline

Depending on the number of drainage points of communications, a diagram of the internal arrangement of pipes is drawn up. For convenience, the diagram is drawn on graph paper. In the case of the construction of a two-story building, in order to save materials, it is recommended to locate bathrooms and secondary drainage points as close to the collector as possible. The main collector is mounted along one vertical line on all planned floors, all subsequent parts of the system are sequentially connected to the main line.

Assembly technology PVC materials very simple, as any pipe can be shortened to the desired size. Also, each node with a closed system is recommended to be equipped with an emergency adapter, in case of a blockage, or an adapter larger diameter.

Units located in closed walls are recommended to be connected using a sealant. It is recommended to avoid 90 ° angles to reduce the risk of blockages.

The principle of operation of the water seal

The water valve prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer into the room. His device has the same design, the differences are only in size. The water serves as a kind of cork.

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Filimonov Evgeniy

Professional builder. 20 years of experience

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Note! In the event of a long idle period without operation, the water evaporates and the odor trap loses its functional qualities.

Vacuum valves and waste pipe

These two concepts are unknown to most people outside the plumbing profession. The purpose of these two elements is to prevent the vacuum of air in the system when draining a large number water or during the work of sewers, at the time of pumping waste from storage capacity.

Undoubtedly, the installation of a sewer system is the easiest stage of construction compared to electricity or wall construction, but there are many pitfalls in this stage.

Here is a list of some of them:

• When purchasing pipes and accessories, check for the presence of a rubber gasket in the socket. She is often lost;
• It is strongly not recommended to connect the waste pipe to the ventilation system;
• In the case of a standard set of water consumption points (one toilet bowl, two sinks, a washing machine, a shower cabin), it is not necessary to install a drain pipe, you can limit yourself to a vacuum valve;
• When laying PVC pipes in a ditch, pay close attention to the joints, as the joints are unstable;
• It is highly recommended to install an emergency drain to clear the drain. It is installed as close as possible to the place where the pipe enters the house, in an accessible place.

In comparison with other stages of construction, sewage is the easiest to install, with the exception of bio-sewage. Consult with experts or select specialized literature, as rash actions can destroy the bacteria present in the storage tank. For example, from a bleach-based toilet cleaner, bacteria will recover for a week.

Nowadays, housing without amenities is no longer suitable for anyone, even if it is located in a rural area. In addition to the supplied water, the outflow of used water should be organized, and in addition, fecal masses. Thus, without the presence of a sewer in country house the people living in it will not have the proper comfort. It is not a luxury at all, but really a necessity, and the way out - the installation of a sewer system in a house (wooden or brick - it does not matter) - is a completely feasible task, if you approach the matter with full responsibility.

Internal and external systems

All work on the arrangement of the sewage system is reduced to the design of the internal and external system.

Internal means the installation of a riser, a fan pipe, piping to wet rooms (kitchen, toilet, bathroom (shower), etc.).

External, or external, is the part of communications that is outside the house. In particular, its arrangement involves the supply of pipes to a home-made septic tank (accumulative or with a filtration field) or to a deep cleaning station (quite expensive ready-made solution). Naturally, if it is possible to discharge wastewater into a centralized system, the task is simplified. But in our case, we will talk specifically about an autonomous system with effective wastewater treatment in a septic tank, we will not consider any primitive cesspools - this relic of the past.

Internal sewerage scheme

Of course, it is worth starting with the diagram. Already at the design stage of the house, it is better to think about ensuring that all the so-called wet rooms are as close to each other as possible - this approach will subsequently simplify the arrangement internal sewerage... The piping scheme in a private house is individual and can look anything you like. Below we present one of the variants of the floor plan.

At the same time, it is taken into account that pipes with a diameter of 100–110 mm must be used to drain wastewater from the toilet, and their recommended total length is 1,000 mm. For the so-called gray drains entering the risers from the bathroom and kitchen, polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes with a diameter of 50 mm are used. The turns of the network are performed by combining two plastic elbows with a bend of 45 degrees, which minimizes the risk of blockage, which will have to be eliminated during the operation of the sewage system (read how to cope with this scourge). It is cheaper and more reliable to rely on PP or PVC pipes, since they are cheaper, more reliable and more durable than cast iron pipes. In addition, the installation of the internal system when using them is greatly simplified.

The most important thing in the design is to determine the future location of the riser or header pipe. Already from this, as they say, we will "dance" further.

But still, let's talk in more detail about how to develop a sewage system for a private house on our own. Indeed, with its help, we will be able to objectively judge how much and what (materials and plumbing equipment) is needed for the system as a whole. It is better to carry out all the work using ordinary sheets of paper in a box, but it is still better to buy a couple of sheets of "graph paper". We also need a sharpened pencil, ruler and tape measure. The sequence of work on drawing up a diagram can be represented as follows:

• we draw up a plan of the house on a scale (use the existing one or go through all the rooms with a tape measure and take all dimensions);
• we determine the location of the riser (risers);
• on each floor, in accordance with our needs, we conventionally depict plumbing fixtures (at this stage, it is advisable to know about the method of connecting them);
• we depict pipes on the plan from plumbing fixtures to the riser and fittings(connecting elements such as bends, tees, etc.);
• we repeat all the above operations for each floor of the house;
• we determine the dimensions of the riser and the fan pipe, which will be discussed below;
• we summarize the lengths of all pipes of the internal sewage system up to the outlet;
• we draw up a diagram of the external sewerage system of the house, which includes pipes from the outlet to a septic tank or a deep biological wastewater treatment plant and takes into account the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02 and SNiP 2.04.03-85.

Pipes

The selection of pipes for outdoor and indoor systems is different. Today, when laying the internal system (in-house wiring), PVC and PP pipes of a characteristic gray color are mainly used. Most often with a diameter of 110 mm (for risers and loungers), 50 and 40 mm - for draining waste from plumbing fixtures.

As for the external system, most often the pipes intended for laying underground, for example, from the outlet to a septic tank or a deep biological wastewater treatment plant, have a characteristic orange color. This color can be explained very simply: the bright red color is more noticeable in the ground than the others. But it is not only the color that distinguishes pipes for external sewage - the requirements for the material will also be different: these pipes have greater rigidity, because they will have to withstand a significant load from the soil. There are even more durable products, such as double-layer corrugated pipes. But when installing a sewer system in a private house, the depth of laying the pipeline is usually small (no more than 3 m, and most often up to 2 m), so there is no point in chasing the strength of the pipes. The most common diameter of red pipes is 110 mm, which is quite enough for adequate drainage.

Below is a table with the properties of pipes made of various materials. There are far from all solutions here - only the most popular ones.

Characteristics of pipes for sewage

Material	Purpose, pros and cons of pipes
Cast iron	+ Strong and durable, able to withstand heavy loads – Fragile, heavy and expensive; during operation, the pipe rusts from the inside, becomes rough, which can lead to the formation of blockages
Polypropylene	+ Flexible and lightweight, which makes them the most popular when installing an internal sewage system (usually gray pipes); well tolerate the high temperature of effluents – None observed when used as directed
Polyvinyl chloride	+ The same as for cast iron pipes; lightweight and inexpensive. They are used mainly for laying the external sewage system (they are easily recognized by mainly orange) – Poorly tolerated high temperatures Wastewater; more likely to crack than bend (fragile)

Pipe laying

One of the most laborious processes in the arrangement of an autonomous sewage system is the laying and routing of pipes. If you decide to cope with this without the help of professionals, be sure to involve at least one assistant - not only speed, but also the quality of work depends on this. Well, when you are finished, do not be too lazy to check the tightness of the system by pouring clean tap water and only after checking all the seams, start the full operation of the system.

Pipe connection

As we have already said, the simplest option involves the use of PVC or PP sewer pipes. Today, these products are presented in a wide range, so you can easily find elbows, tees, revisions and plastic pipes, which, thanks to the presence of rubber cuffs at their joints, are connected easily and reliably. Perfectionists can additionally treat the joint with a sanitary sealant, such as a silicone-based one. In places where pipes pass through ceilings and walls, sleeves must be installed.

Let's talk about the slope of the pipes right away. In the corresponding SNiP (2.04.01-85 and 2.04.03-85) it is clearly indicated that the angle of inclination of pipes in a free-flow system depends on their diameter. So, for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, it is necessary to create a slope of 3 cm / m, for pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm - 2 cm / m. Keep this in mind as you will have to place different points in the horizontal pipe at different heights.

Sewer outlet

If you do not want to face the problem of discrepancy between the external and internal systems, then it is worth starting the installation of the sewer system in the house with work on the release. The outlet is the boundary part of the system that connects the outlet of pipes from the house (riser or risers) to the pipe leading to the septic tank.

The outlet is mounted through the thickness of the foundation at a depth below the soil freezing depth (FGD), which is typical for your region. It can be done even higher, provided that work is carried out to ensure thermal insulation of the pipe. This is necessary in order to avoid freezing of the sewer. The owners can tell you what this is fraught with. country houses who were able to use the toilet only in March - May, when the pipes thawed out.

If this was not taken care of at the stage of building the foundation, then it is necessary to punch a hole in the foundation sufficient for the subsequent installation of the branch pipe with a sleeve. The latter is nothing more than a piece of pipe with a diameter of 130–160 mm, that is, more than the diameter of a sewer pipe. The sleeve must protrude from both sides of the foundation slab by at least 150 mm.

In fact, at this stage it is necessary to make a hole (if not provided) in the foundation and insert a pipe with a sleeve into it. It is important that the diameter of the outlet pipe is not less than that of the riser pipe. The sleeve itself allows you to set the slope point of the pipe to the septic tank: 2 cm per meter. Now you can roughly imagine how you can establish a drain from your home.

Installation of a riser and piping

Considering the recommended dimensions of the pipe running from the toilet bowl to the riser (1,000 mm), it is better to place the riser in the toilet. Installation can be open or hidden, depending on whether the pipes are installed next to walls (fastening with clamps, hangers, etc.) or in special niches, channels, walls or boxes.

To connect the riser to the sewer pipes, oblique tees are used. Pipes of different diameters are connected through adapters. At the intersection of pipes from the shower, bath, sinks arrange a collector pipe with a diameter of 100-110 mm. It is imperative to take care of the installation of the so-called water locks. They will allow you to protect your sense of smell from far from the most pleasant odors.

Important! On each floor, a revision (special tee) is mounted in the riser, thanks to which, if necessary, you can clean the blockage. To protect yourself from time-consuming work on cleaning the sewage system, it is recommended to install a cleaning system after each pipe turn.

Fan pipe outlet

An important role is given to the installation and withdrawal of the fan pipe. She serves:

• for ventilation of the sewer system, which is mandatory for the efficient operation of a septic tank;
• increasing the durability of the sewage system;
• maintaining atmospheric pressure inside the system, which, in turn, avoids air rarefaction and water hammer.

The fan pipe is nothing more than an extension of the riser: it is brought out to the roof of the house. It is connected to the riser, having previously mounted a revision on it. Next, the fan pipe is taken out to attic at comfortable angles as shown in the diagram below. Any of these ventilation schemes can be used in private houses with an attic.

Important! You should not simplify your work and combine the ventilation of the sewage system (fan pipe) with the actual ventilation of the house or, God forbid, a chimney. Moreover, the outlet of the funnel must be made as far as possible from the balconies and windows (the distance is not less than 4000 mm), with an offset from the roof in height - from 700 mm. Again, the outlets of house ventilation, chimney and sewer ventilation must be located at different levels.

We summarize all of the above information about piping in a private house:

• at the first stage, it is necessary to draw up a detailed wiring diagram in such a way as to minimize the distance from the riser to the plumbing fixtures;
• the diameter of the pipes leading to the riser should increase as additional devices are connected. Changing the diameter downward is not allowed;
• it is necessary to remember about simple rule: appliances with a large outlet are closer to the riser than those with a smaller outlet diameter. The closest to the riser should be a toilet;
• sewerage wiring in a private house should exclude the presence of sharp corners, and pipes should be laid with a certain slope;
• in places where blockages are expected to form, revisions and cleaning should be provided;
• without fail, a fan pipe for ventilation of the system must be provided in the wiring diagram.

External (external) network

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the correct arrangement of the external part of the house sewage system. But if you want to make full use of the water, you should consider treating it effectively. Of course, you can buy a ready-made septic tank or, as it is also called, a deep wastewater treatment station. Or buy stand-alone installations, for example, the reviews about the use of the "Tank" septic tank are quite good (see for yourself). But you can make a septic tank with your own hands, saving a decent amount of money. The arrangement of external and internal sewerage systems in your home ownership should be approached with the same responsibility: there are issues of your comfort and potential fines from environmentalists, but, most importantly, relations with neighbors on the site depend on your steps. One mistake and the local area network becomes one big smelly problem.

External sewerage scheme

In the figure below, we presented a diagram of the device of a primitive septic tank. In fact, it can be done by any person, there would be a desire to save money and fully control an effective wastewater treatment system.

The device of a septic tank of a settling type is a container or their combination, passing through which, the drains are clarified due to the natural precipitation of heavier inclusions. Further, the drains are further treated in the field or in the filtration well. Here, along with mechanical purification, biological purification processes take place. There are options and it is easier when only a large-volume container is used to collect wastewater (storage septic tank), but in this case, you will have to periodically pump out the sewage system - call a sewage machine. This option is easy to install, but this is where its simplicity and convenience end.

The calculation of the capacity of a treatment plant for a summer residence is carried out as follows: the volume is calculated based on a three-day settling with an average consumption of 200 liters per person (can be calculated individually). That is, if 5 people live in the house, then the volume of the septic chamber is 5 × 200 × 3 = 3,000 liters, or 3 cubic meters. m. Accordingly, the more people live, the more a septic tank is required in volume. It's that simple!

Stages of making a homemade septic tank

• we find ready-made containers made of PP or reinforced concrete rings based on the required volume of the future septic tank (also consider that it can be made of bricks or simply fill the walls and floor of the pit with concrete);
• we decide on how the wastewater treatment will take place: in the field of the well or in the filtration field;
• we carry out earthworks: we dig a pit for a septic tank, trenches for pipes;
• we connect all the elements into a single structure, taking care of the convenience of servicing the septic tank;
• we mount the pipes of the system with a slope of 2 cm per meter, reliably seal the joints;
• we equip a septic tank ventilation system;
• We fill up the installation, having previously carried out work on the hydro and thermal insulation of its individual components.

Naturally, this scheme is far from detailed, but self-production septic tank from eurocubes, reinforced concrete rings, etc. other articles of our site are devoted to. And do not forget to take a responsible approach to choosing a place for a septic tank.

Getting started with the arrangement of the sewage system, you need not only to be patient and dig far more than one cubic meter of land, but also to read a lot of literature on the competent organization of work, perhaps, take advantage of the advice of experts. Ultimately, though, you'll have a reason to be proud of the work you've done when you can soak in your own jacuzzi or shower in the new shower stall. And it doesn't matter whether it is a wooden house or a brick one - the sewage system works everywhere according to the same principles!

Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private ownership. Therefore, a particularly important stage in the installation of a drainage system is the development of a sewerage scheme in a private house.

Gone are the days when an ordinary country toilet was a typical device for a private suburban household, which was a wooden booth and a cesspool. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the article.

At present, the sewerage system in the house is its indispensable attribute.

Types of sewerage systems for a private house

Water in your house or in the country is necessary, there is no point in arguing with this statement. But an excess of it is even more harmful than a deficiency. An excessively watered area is in an economic sense even more useless than a dehydrated one. Therefore, to remove excess moisture, special systems are created:

1. Drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.

1. A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewerage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewer or devices for household use during dry periods.

1. Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of household and fecal wastewater and human waste products. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the article about.

Each of these devices has a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with the purpose.

The nature of the effluent in each system assumes separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of these devices.

How to make a sewerage scheme in a house with your own hands

Such a document is a graphical action plan. The sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for the installation of a sewerage system for your home.

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The basis for drawing up gutter diagrams is the project of the building, on which the places of installation of plumbing fixtures and their names are clearly indicated, which allows the correct selection of materials.

Factors affecting the composition and structure of the sewage system in the house

To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewage system in a private house, it is imperative to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses averaged consumption data.

As a first approximation, you can use the standard in the amount of 100 liters per person. When designing, you should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main outdoor sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the border of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.

In this case, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or well) must be at least 35 meters.

If neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (sanitary and epidemiological service) will require that the distance be at least the above figure!

Below is a sample project.

The purpose of drawing up the plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of the sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the device of the gravity drainage network.

Elements of the internal sewerage system

These include the following details;

1. Siphon and kitchen sink drain.
2. The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
3. There is also a siphon and a drain pipe from the bathtub, and a ladder with a siphon from the shower stall.
4. Waste pipe and bidet siphon - in the toilet. In the same place - a siphon and a knee connecting the toilet bowl to the fecal sewer riser.

In a two-story house, these elements may be repeated on each floor, but they may not be present, then the appropriate adjustments must be made to the above list.

All of these parts are connected to a horizontally located branch pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drainage system, the drainage channel during installation is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drain and is connected to the riser of the drainage system.

The size of the branch pipe may fluctuate within the nominal size 32-50 mm... In practice, they usually prefer to do with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.

All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, in accordance with which you need to calculate the need for materials.

When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which appropriate fittings are produced.

How to make an internal sewerage scheme at home yourself

Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the spillway diagram. In this case, the following circumstances are taken into account:

1. All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to areas such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

1. The kitchen provides for the installation of a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
2. These units are connected to a common drain pipe through siphons that prevent air from the sewage system from entering the room with characteristic odors.
3. The drain pipe goes through a hole in the wall to the bathroom, where the following sanitary fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.

1. The next hole in the wall leads to the toilet, where the bidet and toilet can be placed.
2. All connections are made to a branch pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. The connections must be made "in a socket" equipped with a sealing lip for tightness.

The system for collecting and removing wastewater is free-flowing, therefore, there is a drainage line. This rule must be followed very scrupulously.

If the slope is insufficient, water flow will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated drainage. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the contamination will remain in the pipe, creating the prerequisites for future clogging.

The second significant node of the internal sewerage system in a private house is a riser that receives drainage water from a drain pipe. There can be several such taps.

For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is chosen in the range of 100-150 millimeters. The riser is necessarily equipped with an audit to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.

But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewage system.

Another revision is installed on the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is led out through the ceiling and roof slabs. The upper end should be at least half a meter higher than the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.

In addition, if the riser pipe is completely filled with drainage water, the siphon may break.

A vacuum is created in the filled riser pipe, as a result of which the water seals in the siphons are sucked into the riser. The air, which is not at all scented, enters the living space of the house through empty water locks. The result is obvious.

Such an unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.

The drain pipe must be protected by a cap from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector that creates an upward air flow for ventilation.

Thus, the riser plays an important role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its structure must be taken into account when designing a sewage system.

Features of the sewerage device in a two-story private house

The device of the upper floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drain system. There are fewer drain points on it, usually a shower and a toilet.

To save money, the sewerage system on the second floor is laid in parallel with a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.

Elements of the external sewerage system

The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at the disinfection of wastewater.

The main ones are:

1. Filter wells or septic tanks. The former are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They represent a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse dimension can be up to two meters, regardless of its shape. The pit walls are reinforced with concrete or brickwork... They can be solid or perforated with 40-60 mm holes. At the bottom of the well, a filter up to 80 centimeters thick is arranged.

For it, you can use slag, gravel, broken brick. The latter is laid in the top layer of broken brick, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For the gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.

1. Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.

The drained liquid fills the first chamber. At the point where the liquid jet falls, a protective plate must be installed, which will not allow it to erode the sludge layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture must be placed in the chamber, which will form the basis of the aerobic filter.

In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows through the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown through with sprayed air. In this case, the oxidation of contaminants and their additional processing, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen

When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75 - 90%, which indicates the need for additional additional treatment for complete disinfection.

1. Soil field filtration
2. Sewerage projects are carried out individually, depending on real conditions.

This method is used for additional treatment of effluents when they pass through the soil. From the septic tank, the liquid enters the drainage pipe system, while passing through a gravel filter and a double layer of geotextile.

In this case, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.

The limitation for the use of this method of additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of the soil. The fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. The most favorable are sandy gravel and sandy soils, which make it possible to make high-quality filtration of effluents.

1. Infiltrators. Infiltrates are established on poorly permeable soils. These are box-shaped plastic products with side grilles, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed in series.

Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration chosen by the buyer. The connection of objects is made by gasket plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.

In addition, each outdoor sewerage facility is equipped with ventilation system, inside the building, drain pipes are used for this purpose.

The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient rainfall, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.

Outdoor sewerage design

These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewage system is designed to collect wastewater, then the external one is for their disinfection and disposal.

Therefore, the rules for its design have only one similarity with the internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the drive should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).

The tasks solved by the external sewerage system are the processing of wastewater in order to disinfect it. The water discharged into the ground after cleaning must be absolutely safe, since, after the final cleaning by ground filtration, it returns to the consumer.

Since the object passes into the external environment, it is necessary to take into account the depth of soil freezing. The pipe must be below this level.

But, even if this condition is met, it is advisable to insulate the sewer pipe in case of extreme climatic circumstances, which in recent times happen with enviable regularity.

And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline, with a critical drop in temperature.

Factors influencing circuit design

They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.

The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe in the outer part of the sewage system.

Also, objective reasons explain the choice of a method for filtering liquid purified by septic tanks. When installing a sewage system on clayey soils with low water permeability, a method using infiltrates is forcedly chosen.

The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a fan pipe. We have already seen its necessity. In such a situation, it is installed with an outlet through the wall in a wall-mounted version; it is mounted to the wall using brackets.

If the installation of a waste pipe in this option is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.

Varieties of sewage facilities and their functioning

For the disinfection and purification of sewage sewage in a private house, several methods are used:

1. Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here, the primary separation of the overflow into solid liquid fractions takes place. It uses chemical and biological preparations that help to liquefy the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased at specialized stores or in the construction market.

The above cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most of the operations in one form or another are carried out at home cleaning devices.

INFORMATION TO HELP !!! So, in the storage tank, chemical and bacteriological treatment of effluents is carried out. Further post-treatment takes place in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.

The body of the well was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2 meters. In the upper part, the neck was installed so that only the metal cover remained at the ground level.

A filtering mass is poured around the ring. It is also practiced to make the case with brickwork.

A further development of filtering devices is the manufacture of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.

The first tank serves for the accumulation of effluents, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, aeration. Spray air treatment is carried out for additional oxidation of decomposition products contained in the effluent.

For this, a compressor is built into the cleaning system, which operates in a continuous mode.

In the last section treatment plant a filtering well is installed, in which additional wastewater treatment is carried out.

The design of an autonomous cleaning system can different options differ, but the principle of operation remains unchanged. The degree of wastewater treatment in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high figure.

However, the most modern device needs periodic pumping and cleaning of sludge.

Laying depth and angle of inclination of pipes to the tank

How deeply you need to place the elements of the outer part of the sewage system depends on the climatic characteristics of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous for the pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metal materials.

Most often, this phenomenon is behind its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the onset of heat, you can forget about the operation of the sewage system. Only after it becomes possible to unearth the system will it be time to spend money on repairing and restoring the system.

Routing and laying of pipes

As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules for the installation of internal and external pipelines during the laying of sewers were formed. They look like this:

1. Regardless of the place and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is imperative to observe when laying a slope towards the drain. In this case, one should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since a certain slope is required for each pipe size. Violation of the rules by its magnitude leads, as a rule, to the formation of a blockage.
2. The distances between sewer objects should be optimal in length, if they exceed 4-5 meters, a revision insert is required. On 10-meter sections, you need to install a revision well.
3. When laying a sewage system in a country house (underground installation), the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 must be followed in terms of observing the distances between individual objects of the sewer network.
4. In the conditions of Russia, an important factor is the location of the pipeline below the zero point of soil freezing. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go along the path of insulating the sewer, up to the use of heating cables when laying.
5. Sewerage pipes are laid only on a sand cushion and they also provide shelter from above. This stage is very important for their integrity.

When using plastic pipes, the sand layer must be compacted carefully. The best results are obtained with abundant water cover. In this case, the highest quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
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Correct autonomous sewerage a country house can work for a long time, subject to high-quality laying and proper maintenance.

Insulation of sewer pipes

This event allows you to avoid carrying out bulk earthworks when laying communications in regions with a harsh climate and to protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this, various insulation materials are used:

• glass wool;
• mineral wool;
• expanded polystyrene, and many others.

For a complete guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor in case of a critical drop in temperature. The costs incurred will eliminate the need for repairs and associated costs. A sewer line arranged in this way does not need to be deeply laid.

Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for the internal system. They are also true for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of the length of the wiring.

Calculator for calculating the volume of storage capacity

A septic tank is a purification device that must contain and process the required volumes of household waste. First of all, you need to take into account that the septic tank, in accordance with sanitary requirements, should be enough for at least a three-day cycle of clarification / wastewater treatment.

Simply put, the minimum volume of the treatment plant chambers corresponds to the total three-day water consumption by all residents of a private house. There should also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, that is, an increase in the number of consumers.

Determining actual daily water consumption by one person is not simple question; so, according to SNiP it is 200 liters; this indicator is now considered obsolete due to widespread use different types household appliances that use water.

For example, it is believed that:

• taking a shower for 7 minutes will require 70 liters;
• using the bidet for 5 minutes - 40 liters;
• a single bath or jacuzzi - about 110 liters;
• in one cycle of work dishwasher 15 liters are consumed;
• 1 toilet flush consumes up to 9 liters of water.

Taking into account the above, in this calculator you are invited to choose and enter in the parameters for calculating the daily water consumption by one person from the range of 260-370 liters; this is the average range of recommendations.

SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on the wastewater flow rate, allocates:

• single-chamber types - with a wastewater flow rate up to 1 m3 / day;
• two-chamber - up to 10 m3 / day;
• three-chamber - over 10 m3 / day; therefore, the above attached diagram is not mandatory, but serves only to demonstrate one of the possible options for a septic tank.

For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic concrete containers. Reinforced concrete sewer structures are distinguished by their reliability, practically unlimited service life. The problem that accompanied them earlier - insufficient tightness, is now being solved by modern means of waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends placing the bottoms of the tanks at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.

The active volume of the septic tank (Vak) is defined as the product of the daily water consumption by one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of clarification (sediment) of wastewater: Vak = Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with the annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of wastewater is up to 5 m3 / day, or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3 / day. In addition, if you plan to clean the tank less than 2 times a year, then you should increase Vak by 20 percent for sediment.

When determining the height of the chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be borne in mind that according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.

The capacity of the septic tank should ensure the content of the daily volume of wastewater. The amount of canalized liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is believed that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.

The directions of these costs are quite traditional and are associated with economic and sanitary and hygienic consumption. Thus, a family of 4 consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.

You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.

Septic tank and cesspool

The most important device on the outside of the sewer is a septic tank or other wastewater filtering device. Installation of concrete or brick construction is not associated with any features.

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But nowadays popular devices of a high degree of readiness made of plastic require additional attention. In areas where high levels of seasonal groundwater are manifested, the capacity may rise.

In sealed cesspools, the contents are retained for the entire time between pumpings. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.

The cesspool is located in a place convenient for the entrance of a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.

The danger of cesspools is inadequate wastewater treatment. If this issue is not considered at all in sealed devices, then in filtration devices the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and pollution gradually accumulates in the soils.

Filter wells

Do-it-yourself installation of the sewage system of a private house is possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.

The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:

• in the lower part, a layer of blast-furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
• then comes a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
• the top layer should be properly poured from broken brick, which exhibits strong adsorbing characteristics.

On the upper layers of such a filter, large components of the filtrate are precipitated, then smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. The filter gradually develops aerobic bacteria capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.

It is possible and often used a method of disposal of the filtered liquid by drainage ditches to the nearest body of water. Waste water in the drainage canvas is further purified by passing through a gravel-sand filter.

The degree of purification in the filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.

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In general, a filter well is a transitional stage from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the container, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. The atomized air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another silt bactericidal layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.

Calculation of the volume of filtering structures for the sewage system

You should understand the responsibility of the residents of the house for the ecological state of the place of residence. And in many respects it depends on the purity of the groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents were developed that regulate water consumption and water purification:

• Construction norms and rules 2.04.03.85, regulating external sewerage systems for private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones at small protective structures;
• SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of effluents;
• manual on the procedure for the design of engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of wastewater in private housing construction.

Watch the video

The calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed both for a single-chamber scheme and for a multi-chamber one. With a consumption volume of about one cubic meter per day, one chamber is enough for a complete biocenosis of the contents of a septic tank.

At more drains need to use two or more containers, which are installed in series. Septic tanks from two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. It is important - it is prohibited to make cesspools according to sanitary standards!

The main importance in the development of a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated according to the following algorithm:

• as the liter volume of the daily volumes of incoming effluents, multiplied by the time of their anaerobic processing in days;
• as the total amount of fluid in all compartments of the septic tank;
• the distance from the bottom of the container to the lower cut of the spout pipe is taken into account;
• from the volume, you need to subtract the height of the sediment layer, which can be up to 20% of the depth of the container, if cleaning is carried out in accordance with the rules - 2 times a year, this indicator can be ignored.

Making a calculation with your own hands, your own purification device with final cleaning by filtration through the soil, you should take into account that this is real with a liquid flow rate of 3-5 cubic meters per day.

If it is higher, you need to use SBR reactors or use a combined design with treatment with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, not excluding the use of aeration.

The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates its processing tenfold.

The use of biochemical treatment of effluents allows them to be purified to a degree of 98%, so this water can be used for watering a garden and at the same time get an increase in the yield. To fertilize the soil, you can

use silt deposits.

The principles of the sewerage pipeline

The main difference between drainage systems and other pipelines is the following features:

1. Gravity when operating under atmospheric pressure. The fluid flows through the pipe products under the action of gravity along a predetermined slope.
2. The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
3. Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by flared connection of the elements using a rubber cuff for sealing.

When installing the sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes with a bias from a common axis. Otherwise, a gap is formed between the wall of the part and the collar with the leakage of the transported liquid.

What pipe rolling products to choose at home

For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines of various materials are used:

1. Ceramic. Such material is very durable, it is not subject to any effects of aggressive environments. The disadvantages include complex installation and heavy logistics.

1. For decades, cast iron sewer pipes have been the market leaders. This material is almost ideal for the specified application. The material of manufacture is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has sufficiently high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes makes it possible to use capping during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.

To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a large assortment of fittings is produced.

1. Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics asbestos pipes do not cancel the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in housing construction.
2. Today, plastic sewer pipes have practically supplanted all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decided to make a sewer with their own hands. The main method for assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
   • For taps from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
   • For a riser and a drain pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
   • For a drain pipe from a house to a septic tank 100, 110 or 150.

Conducting the pipeline from the house to the tank

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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value at 5 meters.

It should be understood that this is an accidental discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case, it will be impossible to make a claim. But strictly speaking correct installation capacity depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soils on the site.

A prerequisite is the compliance with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.

To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to open a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Imagine the labor costs associated with fulfilling this requirement, because you also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes up to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many people prefer shallow ditches, insulating pipes with a protective jacket and a heating cable.

The order of work is as follows:

1. The route is marked with pegs or a cord.
2. Excavation to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
3. The drainage backfill is about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand to the bottom.
4. Spill drain with water to seal.
5. The slope is marked using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite at a ten-meter distance.
6. Pipes are laid section-by-section to a depth according to the laying scheme, the position is regulated by the bricks placed under them and sanding.
7. A heating cable is installed, secured with tape.
8. In the process of laying, a thermal insulating casing is put on the pipe.
9. The pipe with a cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously removed soil.

The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal ground movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. The sewerage device in your home made of this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.

DIY installation cost

Payment for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the layout of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that could not be done correctly yourself.

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How to improve efficiency

Uninterrupted operability of the drain system, first of all, is ensured by high-quality installation.

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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste shredder under the sink in addition to the sewerage scheme, it will not be difficult to do it correctly. This action will largely protect the system from blockages.

Recordings 4

The modern sewerage system in a private house is a complex of sewerage equipment, communications and engineering equipment - pipelines, cesspools, septic tanks.

The main function of the sewer is to collect wastewater from the place of their appearance into one network and transport them to the disposal facility.

If the sewage system is designed correctly, taking into account all the requirements of the SNIP and operating it correctly, then it will become a guarantee of comfort and coziness in a private house or.

And vice versa - a dismissive attitude towards the construction of a sewage system can lead to mistakes, which, in turn, will cause sad consequences.

If the sewerage network scheme is broken or drawn up incorrectly, then this will necessarily entail saturation of groundwater with fecal components, and well (borehole) water will be unsuitable for drinking.

And the saddest thing that can happen is that with a large volume of wastewater, the building may be flooded, which means that anything can happen to the foundation, walls and basement. Not to mention the smell that accompanies all these troubles.

A sewage project for a house should be drawn up based on the data of a specific area. Therefore, it is important to follow some guidelines that are common to all projects. The scheme of the sewerage device in a private house must necessarily stand on the "three whales". This is:

1. External sewerage.
2. Sewer tank.

General principles and rules of construction

An autonomous sewerage system is built and operates in the same way as a city network. Waste water that forms in the house should be collected in one pipeline and discharged into a septic tank or c.

Further dirty water cleared several times and dumped into the soil. Or it is spent for economic purposes. Based on this, it is easy to understand that the home sewage system is very simple.

From each consumer of water (faucet, mixer, shower), pipes must be laid, which are connected to a common riser.

The general sewerage system diverts wastewater to a septic tank, which serves to purify the water.

Any sewerage system consists of two parts:

1. The internal network is plastic pipeline and plumbing fixtures.
2. The external network is the same pipeline, filtering collectors and a septic tank (cesspool), which is located on a site outside the house.

What does the sewerage system diagram consist of, and how to draw it up with your own hands for a private house?

A simple sewerage scheme can be developed independently - for this, knowledge of building rules and SNiP is enough. More complex sewage systems require the participation of professionals, because even a small miscalculation will cause big and serious problems.

A standard simplified sewerage scheme includes one common riser, a pipeline for sewerage elements, external pipeline and a reservoir.

How to plan and chart correctly?

1. IN one-story house the kitchen and the bathroom should be located next to each other, and as close as possible to the place where sewer drains are discharged to the street.
2. In a two-story house, a toilet should be located on each floor, therefore, it is better to place rooms with high humidity on top of each other so that it is more convenient to connect all pipes to a common riser.
3. The layout of the internal sewerage system should have as few connections, junctions and joints as possible.

When building a two- or three-story cottage with several bathrooms, toilets, a swimming pool, jacuzzi and other delights of civilization, you need to use a more complex sewerage scheme.

It may be necessary to install several septic tanks, several common sewer pipes, and even a pumping station. Therefore, for such a complex work, it is necessary to hire specialists.

Competent calculation of the scheme, simplicity and reliability of the sewage system, taking into account all the details - all this is within the power of only a professional in his field.

Before developing a project, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. How - through the central water supply or from a well (well).
2. What plumbing fixtures and in what quantity will be installed in the house.
3. Where is it planned to build a septic tank (cesspool).
4. The climate in a given area - the amount of precipitation per year and monthly, seasonal temperature drops, and so on.
5. How the septic tank will be cleaned - independently or with the help of sewage equipment. Organization of access roads to the septic tank.

If the sewerage and water supply scheme for the house is drawn up correctly and competently, then it should include the following points:

1. Sewerage scheme of a private house with an indication of all the wiring, with the amount and size of materials.
2. Layout diagram sewer pipes and risers.
3. Indication of turns in the sewage system.
4. Locations in external sewer networks.
5. Locations of pumps.

Internal networks

The construction and dimensions of the internal sewerage network in the house are determined by the size of the premises and the relative position of water consumers.

With the help of PVC pipes, all drainage objects must be connected to a common sewer riser.

The pipeline is connected either with special fittings, or in a socket, without the use of fittings. Several more existing methods of connecting pipes are by welding or gluing.

The collected sewer must be attached to the walls of the house or to some supporting structures clamps or clips.

Also, the sewer pipe must be fixed next to the tie-in into the common riser, and next to.

This ventilation method is great when laying multiple sewer pipes. But it is not recommended to install more than five valves on the entire sewage system.

The aeration valve cannot completely replace the ventilation pipe, because the movement of air through it passes only in one direction - into the sewage system. Therefore, gas can accumulate in the room, and it must be taken outside.

Professional terms

Here are some special, most common plumbing terms. If you know what this or that word means, then it will be easier for you to navigate both when buying plumbing fixtures and when laying your own sewage system in the house.

• The vacuum valve is designed to provide the sewer system with air when the system is discharged, which can sometimes occur inside it. The vacuum valve protects the premises from the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewage system.
• BA - an element of the riser of the sewerage system, which is located in the area above the piping, and has a connection with the external environment.
• Outlet - a pipe that connects the sewer well located at the end of the system with the general sewage network outside the building. The outlet pipe is mounted at the very end of the sewerage system arrangement.
• A liner is a pipe that connects all plumbing to a common riser or to a branch pipe.
• Sewer network (sewerage network) - a system of all sewerage devices and devices, pipes and valves.
• Riser - sewer pipes installed vertically. The riser ensures the drainage of sewage water.
• Discharge pipe - discharges sewerage outside the premises.

Sewerage in the house can be carried out different ways... But the main thing is to choose the right sewerage scheme for your home, for your individual needs.

Arrangement of the sewage system in a private house begins with a layout and a laying scheme. This allows you to arrange all the plumbing as conveniently as possible, make the correct slope, and accurately calculate all consumables.

As a result, the system will work smoothly, and in the event of a breakdown or clogging of one of the elements, everything can be quickly and easily repaired. In this article, we will tell you how to correctly draw up schemes for conducting internal and external (external) sewage systems for a private house or in the country, what is the optimal depth of laying sewer pipes and what consumables should be used when arranging and installing an autonomous system with your own hands in the house and outside.

Drawing up a diagram starts from a distant plumbing fixture in the attic or top floor... All horizontal lines must be reduced to one riser. To save money and consumables, bathrooms on different tiers are placed along the same vertical.

The sewerage system in the house consists of:

• Water traps that prevent odors from entering the room;
• Drains from all plumbing;
• Pipes that discharge wastewater into the external sewerage system;
• Elbows and tees connecting pipes into a single system;
• Clamps in the walls that support the pipes and give them direction and angle of inclination.
• Central riser.

It is important that the house does not have a transition from a larger diameter to a smaller sewer. Therefore, on the diagram, the toilet should be located as close as possible to the riser.

Accurate drawing of the internal system depends on the number of storeys of the building, the presence of a basement, the amount of plumbing used and the number of users. The depth of the septic tank and binding to additional equipment (pumping station or separately for each device).

In the diagram all elements should be displayed to scale so that in the event of a planned repair or an emergency, you can quickly figure out the wiring and find a breakdown.

Outside line

External sewerage starts with a pipeline from the foundation... The drains are diverted to the septic tank, cesspool or a filtering structure. At each turn of the pipe, revisions are installed (adapters with covers, with which you can quickly clear the blockage). Outside, there is also a revision well and a ventilation hood.

Ventilation is removed from the riser through a drain pipe. Due to strong extraneous odors, it cannot be mounted near windows, with an exit to the courtyard or near smoke. Categorically it is forbidden to connect it to a conventional ventilation shaft... Instead of an umbrella, you can use a special vacuum valve at the top of the riser (not to be confused with a check valve!).

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of tanks

The final element of the system is the storage and cleaning tank. In the absence of a central collector for collecting gutters, stand-alone installations are used.

1. Cesspool... It is easy to set up on site and is the cheapest option. But it cannot cope with large volumes of wastewater. There is a possibility of dirt getting into groundwater and an unpleasant smell.
2. Do-it-yourself septic tank made of bricks, poured with concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete stake c. It performs its functions well, is durable and strong. The disadvantages include a long installation time and serious construction costs.
3. Industrial stand-alone installation... Such a septic tank is more expensive, but the costs are covered by the speed of construction, high quality and long-term operation of the equipment.
4. Biological treatment station... The most expensive option that needs constant electricity. Differs in the highest degree of purification and high productivity.

Consumables, calculation and prices

It is imperative to decide on the volume of the septic tank. The calculation is carried out taking into account that 200 liters of water per day is used for each inhabitant of the house... The effluent in the septic tank is settled within 3 days. Based on these data, we obtain the exact size of the waste tank.

Thus, a family of 4 consumes 800 liters. In three days, 2400 liters are accumulated. Means, you need to select a septic tank of exactly this volume... If desired, you can make a small margin in case of maximum tank loading. Septic tanks with such parameters cost from 20 thousand rubles.

Main fittings:

• Crosspieces for connecting 4 sections at an angle (80-100 rubles).
• Tees with 45 or 90 degree lateral elbows.
• Elbow for connecting pipes with a difference in height (450 rubles / piece).
• Straight-line double-sided coupling with rubber cuffs in the sockets (from 30 rubles).
• Revision (60 rubles)
• reduction of different parameters (from 40 rubles / piece)
• Hood umbrella (from 50 rubles)

Before you start equipping the sewer system, you must carefully read the basic requirements put forward to it. As we will tell in a special review.

Water can be not only useful, but also harmful to the human body. Find out which coarse filter is best for giving, find out from this one.

Optimal slope and depth during construction

According to the recommendations of SNiP for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a stable 3 cm is made for each meter of laying... With a cross-section of 100 mm, this value can be reduced to 2 cm. In order to avoid clogging and "greasing" of the sewer in the kitchen, it is advisable to increase the slope by 0.5-1 cm for each meter of wiring.

When installing on a land plot, the same angle of inclination is observed. The sleeve (a pipe with a larger diameter than the main pipeline, protruding 15 cm from each end) is installed in a hole made in the foundation. It provides a transition to an outdoor sewerage system, and located 30 cm above the level of soil freezing.

Burying pipes below the freezing level (on average, it is 1.6 m) is unprofitable- you will have to make a very deep septic tank. If a constant slope is observed, this will be 4-5 m, where groundwater may already appear. The cost is increased by additional concrete rings and more durable (corrugated) pipes that can withstand both the head of the drain and the weight of the soil.

The drain temperature is usually higher than room temperature, which prevents freezing, and if desired, thermal insulation or insulation with a heating cable can be used.

Selection of pipes and diameters

Pipes are used to drain wastewater from plumbing fixtures diameter 5 cm... The pipe from the toilet should have a cross section of 10-11 cm, which will help to avoid blockages.

Pipes can be used to organize the sewer system in a private house. cast iron, reinforced concrete or plastic. The latter are more acceptable due to their strength, durability, corrosion resistance and smooth surface.

Outdoor (PVC)

Designed for outdoor networks. They are distinguished by their characteristic orange or yellow-brown color. Despite the relative cheapness, these pipes have sufficient strength, which allows their use both for outdoor and hidden installation... Cold welding is recommended for them. All turns are made using fittings and elbows.

Internal (polypropylene)

For internal communications, they are light gray and have different technical parameters, depending on the manufacturer and model. Their common features:

• Single or multi-layer.
• The foam is protected by an aluminum coating and a polymer layer.
• The connection is made by welding or using special fittings.

Rules for the arrangement and laying of an external system

In short, the instruction on how to properly make a local autonomous sewage system in a private country house (in the country) with your own hands looks like this:

1. Mechanical or manual excavation of a trench.
2. Sand cushion formation.
3. Layout of all constituent elements (pipeline, trays, fittings).
4. Connecting the fragments, starting from the exit from the internal sewerage. For greater reliability the attachment points are treated with silicone sealant.
5. Tightness testing of joints at maximum load.
6. Backfill the trench, trying to tamp the sand or soil only on the sides of the pipe, avoiding sharp loads at right angles. Thickness sand backfill — not less than 15 cm.

For pipeline bends, fittings for external engineering networks are used. If the distance from the foundation to the septic tank is more than 10-12 m, it makes sense to equip the site with an intermediate inspection well.

This video presents how to properly make a sewage system for a private house, as well as how to lay pipes on your own:

How to properly carry out the sewage system in a private house, do everything according to the scheme yourself and lay pipes for the system without errors? The installation of the sewer system will be of better quality if observe several prescriptions:

When installing the sewage system it is important to take into account every nuance: arrangement of plumbing, site relief, location of the intake manifold or septic tank, the depth of pipe laying and the angle of inclination.

Only with careful drawing up of the scheme, careful planning and adherence to order installing a sewerage system in a private house or in a country house with your own hands, you can guarantee that the system does not freeze in the middle of winter, and it will be good to drain the drains without creating additional problems in the house and on the site.