Features of ventilation of houses of various types and the main errors of the ventilation device. Ventilation solutions for multi-storey residential buildings Advantages and disadvantages of different types of ventilation

Regular ventilation of residential and public buildings ensures the timely removal of excess heat, moisture and harmful gaseous impurities that accumulate in the air as a result of people and various household processes.

The air of poorly ventilated dwellings and other closed premises due to changes in the chemical and bacterial composition, physical and other properties can have a harmful effect on health, causing or worsening the course of diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys, etc. It has been established that prolonged inhalation of such air in combination with unfavorable temperature, humidity and air ionic conditions significantly affects nervous system and the general well-being of a person ( headache, loss of appetite, decreased performance, etc.). All this speaks of the great hygienic importance of ventilation in living quarters, since fresh air is, according to F.F. Erisman, one of the first aesthetic needs of the human body.

The amount of necessary exchange of room air with outside air depends on the number of people in the room, its cubic capacity and the nature of the work being done. It can be determined on the basis of various indicators, and the content of carbon dioxide is taken as one of them, widespread in sanitary practice when examining living quarters. Ventilation should not allow the carbon dioxide content in the room to exceed 1% o, which is accepted as the permissible concentration for ordinary living quarters, classrooms, hospital wards, etc.

The cleanliness of the air in the premises is determined by the provision for each person of the required volume of air - the so-called air cube - and its regular replacement with outside air. The amount of ventilation air required for this per person per hour is called the ventilation volume.

In residential premises, the air cube rate is 25-27 m3, the ventilation volume is 37.7 m3, therefore, in order to completely remove the spoiled air and replace it with clean atmospheric air, it is necessary to provide approximately 1.5-2 times exchange of room air with outdoor air during I h. Thus, the frequency of air exchange serves as the main criterion for the intensity of ventilation. It is calculated by dividing the amount of air entering the room during 1 hour by its cubic capacity.

In rooms where heavy physical work is performed, for example, in sports halls, the indicated size of the air cube and the volume of ventilation will be insufficient and the air exchange rate increases, but within the permissible values ​​that do not cause strong air currents. In childcare facilities, the ventilation volume may be less. It also differentiates depending on the purpose of individual public buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.).

When normalizing the volume of ventilation, sometimes, instead of the frequency of air exchange, the amount of supplied or removed air is indicated per person per hour.

Natural ventilation is called the infiltration of outside air through various cracks and leaks in windows, doors and partly through the pores of building materials in the premises, as well as ventilating them with the help of open windows, vents and other openings arranged to enhance natural air exchange.

In both cases, the air exchange occurs due to the difference in the temperature of the outside and room air and the wind pressure. This exchange is most intense in an open building system, when buildings are remote from each other and all four sides participate in air exchange, and the rooms are located on two opposite facades, which creates through ventilation.

Air exchange due to infiltration provides only 0.5- 0.75-fold air exchange for 1 hour. Since this is not enough, vents and transoms are used, reclining at an angle of 45 ° inside the room (Fig. 4.5). In this case, cold air enters the room first upward, under the ceiling, and then, partially heated, descends downward, without forming sharp currents and not causing strong cooling of people. Shape size

Rice. 4.5. Framuga, and - intake of outside air; b - air intake into the room.

dots should be at least 1/50 of the floor area. In the cold season, it is more efficient to ventilate when the vents are fully and often open for 5-10 minutes than when the vents are open for a long time. You should not be afraid of a short-term drop in temperature in the room, since the walls and the environment cool slightly during this time and after the ventilation is over, the air temperature will quickly recover, the main thing is that in this case a more complete air change will occur.

In multi-storey buildings, to enhance natural ventilation, exhaust ducts are arranged in the inner walls, in the upper part of which there are intake openings. The ducts lead to the attic in an exhaust shaft, from which air enters the outside. This ventilation system operates on natural draft due to the pressure difference formed in the ducts due to the temperature difference, which causes the warmer room air to move upward. In the cold season, the natural draft exhaust system can provide 1.5-2 times air exchange in 1 hour, in the warm season its efficiency is insignificant due to the small temperature difference between the room and outside air.

Artificial ventilation. In public buildings designed for a large number of people, in hospitals, schools, in the production of natural ventilation alone is not enough to ensure proper sanitary condition of the air. In addition, in hospitals and children's institutions during the cold season, it can not always be widely used due to the danger of the formation of cold air currents. In this regard, mechanical ventilation is arranged, which does not depend on the outside temperature and wind pressure and, under certain conditions, provides heating, cooling and purification of the outside air. Ventilation can be local - for one room and central - for the entire building.

For local ventilation, supply or exhaust electric fans are used, which are installed in windows or wall openings. In public buildings, they are designed primarily for short-term use. In classrooms, gyms, fans work during breaks between classes, and in some rooms with polluted air - periodically. In production, they function for a longer time. Most often, local exhaust ventilation is used, which removes spoiled air, and the inflow of clean air is carried out by entering through the windows and vents. In rooms with high air pollution (kitchens, toilets), only exhaust fans are installed.

However, local ventilation has certain disadvantages. When using the supply system in winter, cold air currents are formed in the room, the operation of the ventilator

Rice. 4.6. Scheme of supply o-exhaust artificial central ventilation.

the moat is often accompanied by significant noise, they spoil appearance premises. Most modern type local ventilation are air conditioning units.

Central ventilation is designed to exchange air in the entire building or in its main rooms, it functions constantly or throughout most of the day. Depending on the purpose of the premises, central ventilation is supply, exhaust, or supply and exhaust, combining the supply of clean air with the removal of spoiled air.

In fig. 4.6 shows a diagram of the supply and exhaust ventilation. Outside clean air, for example from a garden, is taken with the help of fans, sometimes at a considerable distance from the building, and directed through the channel to the supply chamber, where it is cleaned of dust by passing through fabric or other filters. In the cold season, the air is heated to 12-14 ° C, in some cases it is humidified and supplied to the premises through channels in the inner walls. The supply ducts end with holes in the upper part of the walls in order to exclude the direct effect of colder air currents on people, and are covered with gratings. To remove the spoiled air, lay another exhaust network of channels, the holes of which are located in the lower part of the opposite inner wall; the channels lead to the attic into a common collector, from which air is removed outside with a fan.

The supply and exhaust ventilation system ensures the prevalence of air supply over the exhaust, which is especially important in operating rooms of hospitals. In showers, toilets, kitchens, as already mentioned, only an exhaust hood is arranged. In many buildings, in order to save money, they also arrange only exhaust ventilation with the expectation of supplying clean air through the vents,

From a hygienic point of view, a supply and exhaust ventilation system is more preferable, which provides an inflow of clean heated and, if necessary, humidified air, which makes it possible to better maintain a normal temperature and humidity regime in the premises.

Currently, a new, more advanced ventilation system has been developed - air conditioning, which allows you to automatically maintain for the required time optimal conditions temperature, humidity, movement and air purity. To do this, use central air conditioning units designed to service public buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.), railway cars, and room air conditioners for individual small-sized rooms.

In fig. 4.7 is a diagram of the installation for air conditioning. Outside air entering the air conditioners is heated or cooled to the required temperature, humidified

Rice. 4.7. Air conditioning installation diagram.

I - opening for suction of outside air; 2 - hole for air intake into the room; 3 - filter; 4 - nozzles; 5 - pipe supplying air to the nozzles; 6 - pipeline for supplying fresh cooled or heated water to the system; 7 - pump; 8 - electric motor; 9 - humidification chambers.

Today in modern construction there are industries in which research is being carried out to improve the construction technology, they also improve the quality during operation, the air exchange of premises in the building is no exception. Problems in this area are relevant and are solved by selecting the multiplicity for the ventilation system. Full-scale tests are carried out and standards are written on the basis of them. The most successful country in this matter is the United States. They developed the ASHRAE standard, using the experience of other countries, namely Germany, Denmark, Finland, and their scientific developments. In the post-Soviet space, there is also a developed analogue of such a document. In 2002, AVOK developed standards for "air exchange rates for public and residential buildings."

The construction of modern structures is carried out with the expectation of increased insulation and high tightness of windows. Therefore, optimal air exchange is very important in such cases in order to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards and an appropriate microclimate. It is also important not to damage energy saving, so that in winter all the heat is not drawn into the ventilation, and cool air from the air conditioner in summer.

To determine the calculation of air exchange in rooms other than hospitals, a new method which is described in ASHRAE edition 62–1–2004. It is determined by summing the values ​​\ u200b \ u200bof fresh outdoor air, which is supplied directly for breathing, taking into account the area of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe room falling on one person. As a result, the value turned out to be significantly lower than the later edition of ASHRAE.

Air exchange rates in residential buildings

When carrying out the calculation, it is necessary to use the data in the table, provided that the saturation level of harmful components is not higher than the MPC standards.

Premises	Air exchange rate	Notes (edit)
Living sector	Frequency rate 0.35 h-1, but not less than 30 m³ / h * pers.	When calculating (m 3 / h) by the multiplicity of the volume of the room, the area of ​​the room is taken into account
	3 m³ / m² * h of residential premises, with an apartment area of ​​less than 20 m² / person.	Rooms with air-enclosing structures require additional hoods
Kitchen	60 m³ / h for electric cooker	Air supply to living rooms
	90 m³ / h for using a 4-burner gas hob
Bathroom, toilet	25 m³ / h from each room	Same way
	50 m³ / h with a combined bathroom
Laundry	Multiplicity 5 h-1	Same way
Dressing room, pantry	Multiplicity 1 h-1	Same way

In cases of non-use of premises for housing, the indicators are reduced in this way:

• in the living area for 0.2h-1;
• in the rest: kitchen, bathroom, toilet, pantry, wardrobe for 0.5h-1.

At the same time, it is necessary to avoid the ingress of flowing air from these premises into the living quarters, if it is present there.

In cases where the air entering the room from the street travels a long distance to the hood, the rate of air exchange also increases. There is also such a thing as delayed ventilation, which implies a lag in the ingress of oxygen from the outside before its use in the room. This time is determined using a special diagram (see figure 1), taking into account the lowest air exchange rates in the above table.

For example:

• air consumption 60 m³ / h * person;
• housing volume 30 m³ / person;
• lag time 0.6 h.

Air exchange rates for office buildings

Norms in such buildings will be significantly higher because ventilation must effectively cope with big amount carbon dioxide emitted by the office staff and the equipment located there, remove excess heat, while supplying clean air. In this case, natural ventilation will not be enough; the use of such a system today cannot provide the required hygienic and air exchange standards. During construction, hermetically closing doors and windows are used, and the panoramic glazing device completely restricts the ingress of air from the outside, which leads to stagnation of air and deterioration of the microclimate of housing and the general condition of a person. Therefore, it is necessary to design and install special ventilation.

The main requirements for such ventilation include:

• the ability to provide a sufficient volume of fresh clean air;
• filtration and elimination of used air;
• no excess of noise standards;
• convenient control;
• low energy consumption;
• the ability to fit into the interior and be small in size.

In conference rooms, additional air inlets must be installed, and hoods must be installed in toilets, corridors and copy rooms. In offices, a mechanical hood is installed in cases where the area of ​​each office exceeds 35 sq. m.

As practice shows, in case of incorrect distribution of a large air flow in offices with low ceilings, a feeling of draft is created, and in this case people demand to turn off the ventilation.

Organization of air exchange in a private house

A healthy microclimate and well-being depend largely on proper organization supply and exhaust system in the House. Often during the design process, ventilation is forgotten or paid little attention, thinking that one hood in the toilet will be enough for this. And often the air exchange is organized incorrectly, which leads to many problems and poses a threat to human health.

In the case when there is insufficient outlet of polluted air, the room will have a high level of humidity, the possibility of infection of the walls with fungus, fogging of the windows and a feeling of dampness. And when there is a poor flow, there is a lack of oxygen, a lot of dust and high humidity or dryness, it depends on the season outside the window.

Right arranged ventilation and the air exchange in the house looks as shown in the figure.

The incoming air into the dwelling must first pass through the window or open sashes of the window, the supply valve is located with outside the walls of the dwelling, then, passing through the room, it penetrates under the door leaf or through special ventilation holes and enters the bathrooms and the kitchen. Longer comes out through the hood system.

The way of organizing the exchange of air differs in the use of ventilation systems: mechanical or natural, but in all cases, air is supplied from residential areas, and goes into technical areas: a bathroom, a kitchen and others. When using any system, it is imperative to arrange ventilation ducts in the inner part of the main wall, this will avoid the so-called overturning of the air flow, which means its reverse movement before as shown in Figure 2. Through these ducts, the exhaust air is discharged outside.

What is air exchange for?

Air exchange is the flow rate of the supplied outdoor air, m3 / h, that enters the building through the ventilation system (Figure 3). Environmental pollution in living rooms ah comes from sources located in them - it can be furniture, various fabrics, consumer products and human life, household products. This also happens by gas formation from the effects of the exhalation of carbon dioxide by a person and other vital processes of the body, various technical vapors that can be present in the kitchen from the combustion of gas on the stove and many other factors. Therefore, air exchange is so necessary.

To maintain normal performance air in the dwelling, it is necessary to monitor the saturation of carbon dioxide CO2 by adjusting the ventilation system taking into account the concentration. But there is a second method, the more common one - this is the method of air exchange control. It is much cheaper and in many cases more efficient. There is a simplified way to estimate it using Table 2.

But when designing a mechanical ventilation system in a house or apartment, you need to make a calculation.

How to check if the ventilation is working?

First, it is checked whether the hood is working, for this you need to bring a sheet of paper or a flame from a lighter directly to the ventilation grill in the bathroom or kitchen. The flame or leaf should bend towards the hood, if so, then it works, and if this does not happen, then the channel may be blocked, for example, clogged with leaves or for some other reason. Therefore, the main task is to eliminate the cause and provide traction in the channel.

Why does a modern home have to have effective ventilation? What does the natural and mechanical ventilation system consist of, how does it work? What system should be organized at home? How to choose and order a working ventilation? We will answer these questions today.

What can ventilation do?

My home is my castle. Buildings are becoming more reliable and more economical every year. It is not surprising, because developers now have access to innovative energy-saving technologies and new ones with previously unattainable characteristics. And the market does not stand still: inventors, manufacturers, marketers and salespeople work tirelessly. High-quality waterproofing of structures, multi-layer walls, insulated ceilings and roofs, sealed window blocks, efficient heating- all this does not give the slightest chance for atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, city noise, winter cold and summer heat.

Yes, a person has learned very well to close off tightly from unfavorable conditions. environment, but at the same time we lost contact with the outside world, now the natural, natural mechanism of air self-purification has become inaccessible to us. The inhabitant fell into another trap - moisture, carbon dioxide, harmful substances and chemical compounds emitted by the person himself, building materials, household items accumulate and concentrate inside the premises, household chemicals... Even in developed countries, the number of autoimmune and allergic diseases caused by the multiplication of bacteria, fungi, mold and viruses in the home is steadily growing. No less dangerous is dust, which consists of the smallest particles of soil, plant pollen, kitchen soot, animal hair, scraps of various fibers, skin flakes, microorganisms. Dust is not necessarily a visitor from the street, it forms even in a tightly closed non-residential apartment. The last Scientific research showed that in most cases, indoor air is several times more toxic and dirtier than outdoor air.

A decrease in the oxygen concentration in the room significantly reduces the level of performance, adversely affects the well-being of residents and their health in general.

That is why the issues of ventilation and air purification have become incredibly urgent, along with hydro and thermal insulation of buildings. Modern ones must effectively remove stale, "exhaust" air, replace it in the required volume with fresh air from the outside, if necessary, cleaning, heating or cooling it.

How do air flows in ventilated rooms?

As we have already noted, the composition of the air inside the operated dwelling is not uniform. Moreover, gases, dust, vapors emitted in the room are constantly moving due to their special properties- density and dispersion (for dust). Depending on whether they are heavier than air or lighter, harmful substances rise or fall, accumulating in certain places. An even greater influence on the interior space is exerted by the movement of convective jets of heated air, for example, from working household appliances or a kitchen stove. Convective currents, rising, can carry even relatively heavy substances into the upper zone of the room - carbon dioxide, dust, dense vapors, soot.

The jets of home air interact in a special way with each other, as well as with various objects and building structures, which is why clearly defined temperature fields, zones of concentration of harmful substances, flowing streams of various speeds, directions and configurations are formed in the dwelling.

It is quite obvious that not all rooms are equally polluted and have excessive humidity. The most "dangerous" are kitchens, toilets, bathrooms. Precisely because the primary task of artificial air exchange is to remove harmful substances from places with the highest concentration of harmful substances, ventilation ducts with exhaust openings are arranged in the area of ​​the kitchen and bathrooms.

The inflow is arranged in "clean" rooms. Thus, the “long-range” supply jets, which are stronger in comparison with other flows of substances, while moving, involve large masses of exhaust air in motion, and the necessary circulation appears. The main thing is that due to the direction of the air in the direction of "problem" rooms, unwanted substances do not get from kitchens and bathrooms into living rooms. That is why in the tables of building codes regarding the requirements for air exchange, the study, bedroom, living room are calculated only by the inflow, and the bathroom, toilet and kitchen only by the exhaust. It is interesting that in apartments with four or more rooms, it is recommended that the rooms farthest from the ventilation ducts of the bathroom be supplied with separate ventilation, with their own inflow and exhaust.

In this case, corridors, lobbies, hallways, smoke-free staircases may not have supply or exhaust openings, but only serve for air flow. But this flow must be ensured, only then the channelless ventilation system will function. On the way of the movement of air currents become interior doors... Therefore, they are equipped with transfer grids or a ventilation gap of 20-30 mm is arranged, raising a blank canvas above the floor.

The nature of the movement of air masses depends not only on technical and construction characteristics premises, concentration and type of harmful substances, features of convective flows. An important role here belongs to the relative position of the points of supply and removal of air, especially for rooms containing both supply and exhaust openings (for example, kitchen-dining room, laundry ...). In ventilation systems of residential premises, the most often used scheme is "top-up", in some cases - "top-down", "bottom-down", "bottom-up", as well as combined multi-zone, for example, the inflow at the top, and the two-zone hood - at the top and bottom ... It depends on the correct choice of the scheme whether the air will be replaced in the required volume, or an annular circulation will form inside the room with the formation of stagnant zones.

How is air exchange calculated?

To design effective system ventilation, it is necessary to find out how much exhaust air should be removed from a room or group of rooms and how much fresh air should be supplied. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to determine the type of ventilation system, select ventilation equipment, calculate the cross-section and configuration of ventilation networks.

It should be said that the parameters of air exchange in residential buildings are strictly regulated by various state regulatory documents... GOSTs, SNiPs, SanPiNs contain comprehensive information not only about the volume of air to be replaced and the principles, parameters of its supply and removal, but also indicate what type of system should be used for certain premises, what equipment is used, where it is located. It remains only to competently examine the room for excess heat and moisture, the presence of air pollution.

The tables, diagrams and formulas presented in these documents are created according to different principles, but in the end they give similar numerical indicators of the required air exchange. They can complement each other in the absence of certain information. Calculations of the amount of ventilation air are made on the basis of research, depending on the harmful substances emitted in specific premises and the norms of their maximum permissible concentration. If, for some reason, the amount of contamination cannot be found out, then the air exchange is counted in terms of frequency, in accordance with sanitary standards per person, in terms of the area of ​​the room.

Calculation by multiplicity. SNiP contains a table that indicates how many times the air in a particular room must be replaced with a new one in one hour. For “problem” rooms, the minimum allowable volumes of air replacement are given: kitchen - 90 m 3, bathroom - 25 m 3, toilet - 50 m 3. The amount of ventilation air (m 3 / hour) is determined by the formula L = n * V, where n is the multiplicity value, and V is the volume of the room. If you need to calculate the air exchange of a group of rooms (apartment, floor of a private cottage ...), then the L values ​​of each ventilated room are summed up.

Another important point is that the volume of the removed air must be equal to the volume of the supply air. Then, if we take the sum of the indicators of air exchange in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet (for example, the minimum is 90 + 25 + 50 = 165 m 3 / hour), then we get the air balance equation. In other words, we will need to increase the hood up to 220 m 3 / hour. Sometimes it happens the other way around - you have to increase the inflow.

Calculation by area is the simplest and most straightforward. The formula used here is L = S premises * 3. The fact is that for one square meter premises, construction and sanitary norms regulate the replacement of at least 3 m 3 of air per hour.

The calculation according to sanitary and hygienic standards is based on the requirement that at least 60 m 3 per hour be replaced for one person constantly staying in a room, “in a calm state”. For one temporary - 20 m 3.

All the above calculation options are normatively permissible, moreover, for the same room, their results may differ slightly. Practice shows that for a one-room or two-room apartment(30-60 m 2) the performance of ventilation equipment will require about 200-350 m 3 / hour, for three-, four-room (70-140 m 2) - from 350 to 500 m 3 / hour. It is better to entrust the calculations of larger groups of premises to professionals.

So, the algorithm is simple: first we calculate the required air exchange - then we choose the ventilation system.

Natural ventilation

How does natural ventilation work?

Natural (natural) ventilation system is characterized by the fact that the replacement of air in a room or a group of rooms occurs under the influence of gravitational pressure and wind action on the building.

Usually, the air inside the room is warmer than the outside, it becomes more discharged, lighter, therefore it rises up and goes out through the ventilation ducts to the street. A vacuum appears in the room, and heavier air from the outside enters the dwelling through the enclosing structures. Under the influence of the force of gravity, it tends downward and exerts pressure on the ascending currents, displacing the exhaust air. This is how gravitational pressure appears, without which natural ventilation cannot exist. The wind, in turn, helps this circulation. The greater the difference between the temperatures inside and outside the room, the higher the wind speed, the more air gets inside.

For more than a dozen years, such a system was used in Soviet-built apartments of the 1930-1980s, where the inflow was carried out through infiltration, through structures that let a large number of air - wooden windows, porous materials of external walls that do not close tightly entrance doors... The amount of infiltration in old apartments is 0.5-0.75, which depends on the degree of sealing of the cracks. Recall that for living rooms (bedroom, living room, office ...), according to the norms, it is required that at least one air change occurs in one hour. There is an obvious need to increase air exchange, which is achieved by ventilation - opening vents, transoms, doors (unorganized ventilation). In fact, this whole system is an exhaust duct with a natural impulse, since the device of special supply openings was not intended. The exhaust of such ventilation is carried out through vertical ventilation ducts, the entrances to which are located in the kitchen and bathroom.

The force of gravitational pressure, which pushes the air out, largely depends on the distance between the ventilation grilles located in the room to the top of the shaft. On the lower floors of apartment buildings, the gravitational pressure is usually stronger due to the greater height of the vertical channel. If the draft in the ventilation duct of your apartment is weak or the so-called "overturning of draft" occurs, then polluted air from neighboring apartments may flow to you. In this case, installing a fan with check valve or louvred grilles that automatically close when pulled back. You can check the traction force by holding a lighted match to the exhaust opening. If the flame does not deflect towards the channel, then it may be clogged, for example with leaves, and cleaning is required.

Natural ventilation can also include short horizontal air ducts, which are led out in certain areas of the room on the walls at least 500 mm from the ceiling or on the ceiling itself. The outlets of the exhaust ducts are closed with louvered grilles.

Vertical natural ventilation ducts are usually made in the form of shafts made of bricks or special concrete blocks. The minimum permissible size of such ducts is 130x130 mm. There must be a 130 mm thick partition between adjacent shafts. It is allowed to manufacture prefabricated air ducts from non-combustible materials. In the attic, their walls are necessarily insulated, which prevents the formation of condensation. Exhaust ducts are led out above the roof, at least 500 mm above the ridge. From above, the exhaust shaft is covered with a deflector - a special nozzle that enhances air draft.

How to improve natural ventilation? Supply valves

V recent times the owners of the old housing stock are seriously engaged in energy conservation. Almost sealed PVC or euro-windows are installed everywhere, walls are insulated and vapor-insulated. As a result, the infiltration process practically stops, air cannot enter the room, and regular ventilation through the window sashes is too impractical. In this case, the problem of air exchange is solved by installing supply valves.

Supply valves can be integrated into the profile system of plastic windows. Very often they are installed on Euro windows. The fact is that the ability of modern wooden windows"Breathe" is a little exaggerated, you will not wait for an inflow through them. Therefore, responsible manufacturers always suggest installing a valve.

Window valves are installed at the top of the frame, sash or in the form of a handle-valve, they are made of aluminum or plastic, they can be different colors... Supply valves for windows can be not only built into new windows, but also mounted on already installed window systems, without any dismantling work.

There is one more way out - this is the installation of a wall supply valve. This device consists of a branch pipe passing through the wall, closed at both ends with gratings. Wall valves can have a chamber with filters and a sound-absorbing labyrinth. The inner grill is usually manually adjusted until fully closed, but automation options are possible using temperature and humidity sensors.

As we have already said, the air movement should be directed towards the polluted premises (kitchen, toilet, bathroom), therefore they install supply valves in living rooms (bedroom, study, living room). Place inlet valves at the top of the room to provide an effective layout for most apartments mutual disposition ventilation openings "from top to top". Practice shows that it is not the best solution, since the circulation of streams is disturbed.

Pros and cons of natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is practically not used in modern construction. The reason for this is low air exchange rates, the dependence of its power on natural factors, lack of stability, strict restrictions on the length of air ducts and the cross-section of vertical channels.

But it cannot be said that such a system has no right to exist. Compared to forced "brothers", natural ventilation is much more economical. After all, there is no need to purchase any equipment and long air ducts, there are no electricity and maintenance costs. Rooms with natural ventilation are much more comfortable due to the absence of noise and the low speed of movement of the replaced air. Moreover, there is not always a constructive opportunity to mount ventilation ducts for mechanical ventilation, and then sheathe them with drywall boxes or false beams, for example, with low ceiling heights.

Mechanical ventilation

What is mechanical ventilation?

Forced (mechanical, artificial) ventilation is a system in which air movement is carried out using any injection devices - fans, ejectors, compressors, pumps.

It is modern and very effective method organization of air exchange in rooms of various purposes. The efficiency of mechanical ventilation does not depend on changeable weather conditions (air temperature, pressure, wind force). This type of system allows you to replace any amount of air, transport it over a considerable distance, and create local ventilation. The air that is supplied to the room can be specially prepared - heated, cooled, dehumidified, humidified, purified ...

Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include high initial costs, energy costs and operational maintenance... It is very difficult to implement duct mechanical ventilation in a residential area without more or less serious repairs.

Types of forced air ventilation

The best indicators of comfort and performance are shown by general exchange supply and exhaust mechanical ventilation. Balanced supply and exhaust air exchange allows you to avoid drafts and forget about the effect of “slamming doors”. It is this system that is most common in new construction.

For certain reasons, either supply or exhaust ventilation... Supply ventilation delivers to the room fresh air instead of waste, which is removed through enclosing structures or passive exhaust ducts. Supply ventilation is structurally one of the most difficult. It consists of the following elements: a fan, an air heater, a filter, a silencer, control automation, an air valve, air ducts, an air intake grille, air distributors.

Depending on how the main components of the system are executed, the supply unit can be monoblock or type-setting. A monoblock system is somewhat more expensive, but it has a greater assembly readiness, more compact dimensions. It only needs to be fixed in the right place and supply power and a network of channels to it. Monoblock installation allows you to save a little on commissioning works and design.

Often, in addition to filtration, the supply air requires special preparation, therefore the ventilation unit is equipped with additional equipment such as drying or moisturizing. Energy recovery systems are becoming more and more popular, which cool or heat the supplied air using electric air heaters, water heat exchangers or residential split air conditioning systems.

Exhaust ventilation is designed to remove air from rooms. Depending on whether the air exchange of the whole dwelling or individual zones is carried out, mechanical exhaust ventilation is local (for example, an exhaust hood over a stove, smoking room) or general exchange (a wall fan in a bathroom, toilet, kitchen). Fans of general exchange exhaust ventilation can be placed in the through hole in the wall, in the window opening. Local ventilation is usually used in conjunction with general ventilation.

Artificial ventilation can be performed with the use of ventilation ducts - duct, or without the use of such - ductless. The duct system has a network of air ducts through which air is supplied, transported or removed from certain areas of the room. In a ductless system, air is supplied through the enclosing structures or supply ventilation openings, then it flows through the interior space of the room into the area of ​​exhaust openings with fans. Ductless ventilation is cheaper and simpler, but also less efficient.

Whatever the purpose of the room, in practice it is impossible to do with one type of ventilation system. The choice in each case is determined by the size of the room and its purpose, the type of pollutants (dust, heavy or light gases, moisture, vapors ...) and the nature of their distribution in the total volume of air. Questions and economic feasibility of using a certain system are also important.

What do you need to know to select ventilation?

So, your calculations show that natural ventilation will not cope with the tasks set - too much air needs to be removed, there are also questions with the supply, since the walls are insulated, the windows are changed. Artificial ventilation is the way out. It is necessary to invite a representative of the company installing the climate systems, who will help you select the configuration of the mechanical ventilation on site.

In general, it is better to design and implement ventilation at the stage of building a cottage or overhaul apartments. Then it is possible to painlessly solve many design problems, for example, the device of the ventilation chamber, the installation of equipment, the layout of ventilation ducts and their hiding. false ceilings... It is important that the ventilation system has a minimum of points of intersection with other communications, such as heating and water supply systems, electrical networks, low-current cables. Therefore, if you are renovating or building, to search for common technical solutions it is necessary to invite to the object and representatives of the contractor - installers, electricians, plumbers, engineers.

The result depends on the correct formulation of tasks. working together... The specialists will ask "tricky" questions that you need to answer. The following circumstances will be important:

1. The number of people staying in the room.
2. Floor plan. It is necessary to draw up detailed diagram the location of the rooms, indicating their purpose, especially if redevelopment is possible.
3. Wall thickness and material. Features of glazing.
4. Type and height of ceilings. The size of the interceiling space for suspended, hemmed, tensioning systems. Possibility of mounting false beams.
5. Arrangement of furniture and heat-generating household appliances.
6. Power and location of lighting and heating devices.
7. The presence, type and condition of ventilation shafts.
8. Features and performance of infiltration, natural ventilation.
9. Local exhaust ventilation - cabinet, umbrella.
10. The desired configuration of the supply system is type-setting or monoblock.
11. The need for sound insulation.
12. Whether or not supply air preparation is required.
13. Distributor type - adjustable or non-adjustable grilles, diffusers.
14. Air distributor installation locations - wall or ceiling.
15. The nature of the system control - keys, shield, remote control, computer, smart home.

Based on the data obtained, equipment of a certain capacity, parameters of the ventilation network, and installation methods will be selected. If the customer is satisfied with the presented developments, then the contractor provides him with a working draft of the ventilation system and proceeds to installation. All we have to do is pay the bills and enjoy the clean air.

Turishchev Anton, rmnt.ru

Ventilation of residential buildings is one of the key points in ensuring comfortable air environment for people. Poor air circulation in the house can not only negatively affect the health of the residents, but also require wasting on additional exhaust systems. Operating air ducts are also one of the main points for ensuring fire safety. In this article, we will explain how ventilation is arranged in an apartment building and what measures can increase the efficiency of its work.

Appointment of general ventilation

The air in a residential apartment is always subject to pollution. Smoke from cooking, fumes from the bathroom, unpleasant odors and dust - all this is in the air and creates an unfavorable living environment for people. Stagnant air can even lead to the development of diseases such as asthma and allergies. That is why every apartment building must be equipped with a common ventilation system.

Residential ventilation functions:

• ensure the penetration of clean air into apartments;
• remove dust and other impurities harmful to health together with the exhaust air;
• regulate humidity in residential and utility rooms.

Most of the urban population of our country lives in panel houses built in Soviet times, others are moving to new buildings. Ensuring ventilation of residential buildings is a mandatory requirement in the construction of houses. However, the level of ventilation in multi-apartment residential buildings remains rather low. It is customary to save on air duct systems during construction.

At the moment, you can find the following types of ventilation in residential buildings:

• with natural inflow and exhaust;
• with forced air movement through ventilation units.

In modern houses of the elite class, heating and ventilation systems correspond to the latest standards and are created using special equipment and materials. For ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings of panel type, natural air exchange is used. The same applies to Soviet-era brick residential buildings, as well as modern budget class buildings. Air must flow through the openings between the doors and the floor, as well as special valves on plastic windows.

Ventilation in panel house works as follows. The air is discharged through vertical ventilation shafts upwards, thanks to natural draft. It is pulled out of the house through a pipe located on the roof or attic. When air enters the apartment through open windows or doors, it rushes to those located in the kitchen and bathroom - where most of all purification from smoke and moisture is required. Thus, stagnant air is discharged into the pipe, and clean air enters the room through the windows.

If you stop the supply of fresh air, ventilation will not work efficiently. Residents of apartments in apartment buildings often forget about the natural ventilation of the room when they install additional exhaust systems. Here is a list of common mistakes during repairs that stop air circulation:

• installation of blind double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic;
• elimination of the gap between the door leaf and floors when replacing interior doors;
• installation of axial fans in the toilet (affects the ventilation of neighboring apartments).

When decorating living rooms, it is worth remembering to create natural paths for ventilation. You can install plastic windows with special valves that will automatically supply air from the street.

Interior doors should be sized so that they do not stand close to the floor. When installing additional fans, you can adjust them for supply.

Ventilation schemes for residential buildings

Depending on the construction plans, ventilation can have a completely different design. In this section, we will try to figure out how ventilation is arranged in a panel house on the diagrams and talk about the degree of effectiveness of this or that type of its implementation.

The most successful ventilation scheme in a panel house is individual, when each apartment has a separate channel with access to the roof.

In this case, the ventilation shafts are not interconnected, it improves, and polluted air from neighboring apartments does not enter the house. Another type of such a ventilation scheme in Khrushchev is that from each apartment, separate channels lead to the roof, where they are connected into a single pipe that brings air masses to the street.

Unfortunately, quite often the simplest but ineffective ventilation method is used, in which air from all apartments enters a single large shaft - just like ventilation in Khrushchev is arranged. This saves space and costs when erecting a building, but it has a lot of unpleasant consequences:

• the intake of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments - residents of the upper floors are especially susceptible to this, where air rises naturally;
• rapid contamination of the common ventilation pipe;
• lack of sound insulation.

There are also several other ways to exhaust air through ventilation shafts - with horizontal ducts in the attic and a pipe outlet to the attic without a chimney. In the first case, horizontal air ducts reduce air draft, and in the second, the attic becomes dirty due to the lack of an outlet to the street. The ventilation scheme in Khrushchev and other Soviet-type buildings, although budgetary, is inconvenient for residents.

Schematic diagrams of some natural ventilation systems in residential buildings: (a) - without collecting ducts; (b) - with vertical collecting channels; (c) - with horizontal prefabricated ducts in the attic; (d) - with a warm attic

Fortunately, there is modern system ventilation that automatically draws in and out air. Its design includes a fan that blows air into the mine. It is usually located in the basement of a building. An exhaust ventilation of the same power is located on the roof of the house, which forcefully removes polluted air masses from the duct. This is the most simple circuit ventilation in an apartment building. It can also be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. The task of the recuperator is to take away heat (or cold) from the discharged air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation shafts, as a rule, come from the basement of a multi-storey building, additionally providing it with protection from dampness and fumes. Basement ventilation is provided by natural draft, and in modern houses, air supply units are also installed here. To remove raw air from the basement, common ventilation shafts are used, leaving holes on each floor and in each apartment.

Ventilation of the basement, the place where the natural ventilation system begins - one of the main conditions for its correct work... For this, air holes are made in the walls of the basement through which fresh air enters the basement. It not only reduces humidity at the base of the house, but also creates traction in the common mine shaft.

The shape of the holes can be simple - round or square. They must be located at a sufficient distance above the ground so that water and dirt from the street do not get inside. The optimum distance from the ground is at least 20 cm. The holes should be placed evenly around the perimeter of the basement, if there are several rooms in it, it is necessary to organize several air vents in each. The air vents must not be closed, otherwise the whole principle of ventilation will be violated. apartment building... To prevent animals from entering the basement, the holes are covered with a metal mesh.

Apartment ventilation calculation

Natural or artificial ventilation of a residential building is calculated during the construction of the building by specialists, and the residents of the building receive apartments with a "default" ventilation system. It will not work to change the ventilation system in Khrushchev; this will require serious intervention in the structure of the building. However with the help various devices you can improve air circulation in your apartment. For this it is necessary.

If you are not satisfied with the ventilation in the apartment, you can install additional hoods in the kitchen and fans on the grilles in the bathroom. In this case, you should remember the basic rule - the amount of air drawn out should not exceed the amount of air entering the apartment. In this case, the ventilation systems will work as efficiently as possible. Some models of hoods and fans can operate on air intake - they should be installed if the room is not sufficiently ventilated through windows and doors.

Particular attention should be paid to the power of the exhaust devices, for small apartments there will be enough productivity from 50 to 100 m³ of air per hour. To accurately determine what load will be optimal for the device, you can measure the amount of air masses in the room. For this, the area of ​​the apartment is summed up and multiplied by three times. The resulting air volumes must completely pass through the fans within an hour.

Additional air flow can be organized using air conditioners, hoods and fans. Together, these devices will perform the main tasks for ventilation of premises:

• the hood in the kitchen will cleanse the room from unpleasant odors, grease and smoke, filling it with clean air;
• fan in the bathroom - remove humid air;
• air conditioner - to cool and dry the air in the room.

These devices will ensure good circulation of air masses in different rooms and regulate their cleanliness - they are simply irreplaceable in the bathroom and kitchen.

The amount of supply air can be 15–20% higher than the volume removed, but not vice versa.

Home ventilation care

Ventilation often does not work due to a blockage in the air duct or outlet grill. you can independently within your apartment by removing the grate and cleaning the pipe walls with a brush, broom or vacuum cleaner. Particular attention must be paid to the mesh that covers the entrance to the mine - it works as a filter on which all contamination remains.

The full is carried out by a special service at the request of residents.

First, the performance of the exhaust ducts is diagnosed and a work plan is drawn up. To check the cleanliness of mines, a video camera on a cable is often used - it allows you to determine the places of accumulation of dirt and places of deformation of the pipe.

After that, the cleaning of the duct begins. Professionals use weights, pneumatic brushes, weighted brushes and other tools. Ordinary residents should not engage in such work - this can harm the integrity of the pipe.

Natural ventilation in a multi-storey building is not very effective compared to mechanical ventilation, but it requires less cleaning. A team of specialists should be called every few years if there are obvious signs of contamination of the air duct. Automatic systems ventilation systems are under heavy load and require more thorough cleaning. The maintenance of such systems is often carried out by the firms that install them.

Tracking the health and increasing the efficiency of home ventilation is one of the key points in creating a healthy microclimate in your home. By taking a series of measures to improve the ventilation of your home, you will rid yourself of dust, unpleasant odors, kitchen or bathroom products in the air.

Our well-being depends on the efficiency of ventilation. Therefore, every residential building must be equipped with an air exchange system. The ventilation of a residential building is always organized according to the same scheme: clean air is supplied to the rooms, and is removed through the inlets in the kitchen, bathroom and pantry. There are several ways to organize air exchange in a residential building.

Types of ventilation

Natural air exchange system

Ventilation systems are available with forced and natural impulses. In natural ventilation systems, air currents are driven by thrust, which occurs under the influence of temperature differences, pressure drops and wind load. In forced systems, air exchange is carried out using fans.

Ventilation classification by purpose:

• Supply air - supply air to the room;
• Exhaust - remove exhaust internal air from the house;
• Supply and exhaust - perform the functions of both supply and exhaust systems.

Supply systems

Forced ventilation

Supply ventilation is designed to supply fresh air to the room using air-blowing devices. Such systems can have different configurations and prices.

Varieties of devices for supplying air to the house:

• Supply valve;
• Supply fan;
• Supply unit.

The valve allows air to flow naturally. At the place of installation of the valve, they are window and wall. For window ventilation, they are mounted in the upper part. plastic window... To install the wall valve, a through hole is drilled in the wall, the optimal location is between the window frame and the battery, so that the incoming air warms up a little in winter.

Air supply fans are installed in outer wall or window frame. Such simple devices as valves and fans have a number of disadvantages, namely: weak filters, lack of air heating in winter and no cooling in summer. These drawbacks are devoid of type-setting and monoblock installations.

Exhaust systems

Exhaust forced ventilation

Exhaust ventilation provides air removal from the room, it can be natural and forced. The removal of air masses naturally occurs through a vertical chimney, the upper end of which is brought out of the roof. Air ducts from different premises(kitchen, bathroom, pantry) can be connected to a central chimney, but only if they are located next to each other. For rooms located in different parts of the house, you need to install separate exhaust pipes.

Important! For the system to work effectively, the air ducts must not be parallel to the ceiling (permissible angle 35º), and sharp turns must also be avoided.

Chimney installation rules:

• The efficiency of traction depends on the height of the pipe; the upper end of the channel should protrude at least 1 m above the level of the ridge;
• Exhaust pipes should be installed strictly vertically;
• To avoid the formation of condensation, the place where the pipe joins the roof must be carefully sealed using cement mortar or sealant.

If you choose the right model and type of fan, taking into account the purpose and size of the room, the exhaust device will function especially efficiently. These fans are installed in the kitchen or bathroom. There are devices for installation in round and rectangular ducts.

Supply and exhaust ventilation

Natural supply and exhaust system

Supply and exhaust ventilation simultaneously performs the functions of supply and exhaust units. In systems, special attention should be paid to the installation of the chimney, since it provides traction, and therefore, the flow of air into the room. As already mentioned, fresh air flows into the house through gaps in building structures or supply valves. Air exchange in forced supply and exhaust ventilation can be provided in several ways: fans, monoblock or type-setting air exchange system.

Type-setting and monoblock installations

Elements of type-setting ventilation

Type-setting and monoblock installations, according to the type of action, are divided into supply, exhaust and supply and exhaust devices. Type-setting ventilation consists of a powerful supply fan, filters, air humidifiers, air heaters, noise absorbers and air ducts, ventilation grilles. Placing type-setting ventilation requires a lot of space, usually the main units are installed in a separate room (ventilation chamber) or in the attic. In addition, the undisclosed air duct routing does not look aesthetically pleasing. Therefore, it is hidden behind suspended structures, which is difficult to do in a room with low ceilings.

Monoblock units are distinguished by their quiet operation and small size. They do not require a special place for installation, they can be fixed to the wall in the corridor, loggia. All elements (filter, fan, heat exchanger, recuperator) are enclosed in a housing made of sound-absorbing material. Monoblocs are suitable for installation in small cottages and apartments.

Air flow

Correctly organized air exchange

For any ventilation, both natural and forced, it is important to correctly organize the movement of air flows in the room. The air must move freely from the supply to the extract.

The free movement of air masses is often impeded by sealed interior doors. To avoid stagnation, it is recommended to leave a two-centimeter gap between the floor and the door leaf or to embed a special overflow grille.

Recovery systems

Ventilation system with recuperation

Recuperative ventilation systems are becoming more and more popular. This is due to the fact that in the cold season, a huge amount of energy is spent on heating the room. The recuperator allows to save from 40 to 70% of heat due to heating of the incoming streams with the removed, warmer air.

Important! In winter, recuperation is not enough to bring the air temperature to a comfortable temperature (20º). It is necessary to additionally heat the air streams with heaters built into the system.

The recuperator is a heat exchanger through the body of which flows in and out of the house. The air masses are separated by thin metal plates, through which heat transfer takes place. In summer, the air will be partially cooled in the same way.

Based on the foregoing, we see that it is possible to organize a comfortable air exchange for a particular room in several ways, and everyone chooses for himself the type of structure that he does not need to bypass for certain needs or type of structure.